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1100's CE: Gunpowder was invented in China. This would later lead to the first inventions and use of guns, gunpowder weapons, and become the main reason for expansion for the "Gunpowder empires".

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1275-1292: Marco Polo explored to China, serving Kubilai Khan for about 17 years and wrote about his experiences

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1330's: The Black Death was spread across Central Asia due to merchants and travelers of the Silk Road. The Silk Road was many trade routes that resulted in East and West (Eurasian) contacts.

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Kristina Danao, Roham Amina, Caden Moon, Megan Bence

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Kristina Danao, Roham Amina, Caden Moon, Megan Bence

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Germ of civilization: domestication of fire about 2 million years ago

Mainly sedentary lifestyle (stayed in one spot)

Also could be nomadic (wandering)

Hunter-gatherers

Homo-sapien sapiens

Cradles of civilization (river valleys)

100,000 BCE: Capacity for elaborate speech

25,000 BCE: Passage from Asia to the Americas

10,000-9,000 BCE: development of agriculture and domestication of animals like cows and donkeys

9,000-7,000 BCE: first towns of Jericho in the Middle East

Through nomadic expansion, people reached all parts of the known world

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960-1279 CE: Song dynasty

1115 CE: Jin empire founded by Sima Yan or Emperor Wu, ruling parts of China, Mongolia and northern Korea

1148 CE: Chinese used the compass for sea navigation

1100's CE: Invention of gunpowder in China

Spread of Confucianism

1200's-1300's: Mongols / Mongol expansion

Korea/Vietnam/Japan were influenced by China

1225: Tran dynasty in Vietnam was established

Japan's government was decentralized an a feudal government

1275-1292: Marco Polo reached China

1279: Yuan dynasty replaced the Song dynasty

1290 - early 1300’s: first guns used

1320’s: Bubonic plague first formed in the Gobi desert

1330’s: Black Death reached China

1368: Ming dynasty came to power after the Yuan dynasty fell

1405-1433: lots of Chinese trading expansion

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750-1258: Abbasid empire

945-1055: Persian Buyids

1050-1300: Seljuk turks

1258: Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

1290: beginning of spread of islam in SE asia

1340: Bubonic plague reaches middle east

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1237-1241: Lewis IX of France ruled

1265: Mongols captured Russia

1237-1241: Hundred years war

1348-1380: Black death

1453: Ottoman turks captured Constantinople

1400's: Formation and rise of Spanish monarchy

1439: Portugal increased expeditions across atlantic along northwest african coast

1469: Union of Aragon and Castile

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1200: Rise of the Mali empire

1324: Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

1400: Flourishing cities of Timbuktu and Djenne/ establishment of Ethiopian Christian kingdoms

1400-1550: Great Zimbabwe at its height with gold and trade

1500: Songhai Empire flourished at greatest power

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3114 BCE: Mayans

1600 BCE-350 BCE: Olmecs

950-1150: Toltecs

1300-1521: Aztecs were established in Central Mexico

1438-1533: Incas were established in the Cuzco area

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Ottomans: (1300-1922)

Balkans in Southeastern Europe across Anatolia

Central Asia

Arabia

North Africa

Explored to → Egypt, Syria, Algiers, and Hungary

Mughals: (1526-1757)

Mainly located in the Indian subcontinent

Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal, by the time of Akbar’s death

Northern India

Explored mainly to → South Asia and India

Safavids: (1501-1722)

Modern day Iran

Afghanistan

Iran

Syria

Parts of Russia and Turkey

Explored to → Central Asia and Persia

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Spain:

Exploration by Christopher Columbus in 1492 across Atlantic Ocean to Carribean Islands

Half of South America

Central America

North America

England:

New England

Virginia

Maryland

Exploration and settlements in Bermudas, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, and Nova Scotia

France:

Mainly North America

Northwest Africa and Southeast Asia

Explored to → West Indies and Guiana

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Songhai Kingdom: (1464-1600)

West Africa

Reached the Niger River

Explored and extended → Atlantic coast and Nigeria

Mali Empire: (1235-1600s)

Gambia

West Senegal

Explored and expanded mainly in → Sahara Desert to coastal forests

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Aztec Empire: (1428-1521)

Central Mexico

Tenochtitlan

Explored to → Guatemalan border

Inca Empire: (1438-1533)

Present-day Peru

South America

Exploration of Cusco and other territories

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Dar-al-Islam means "house of peace"

Refers to any house or place that freely practices Islam

Dar-al-Islam was a side effect of Turkic and Mongol invasion. Dar-al-Islam reached the East-African coast, India, islands of Southeast Asia, and areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Marco Polo and Ibn Butta are two men that represent the expansion and spread of ideas across Afro-Eurasia.

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All three of these “gunpowder” empires were able to expand due to new military tactics, gunpowder technologies, and more focus on local leaders and imperial officials working with the sultan instead of central authority. The empires all had one main ruler but they were called shah’s, sultan’s, and emperors

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The Songhai and Mali empires both had strong monarchies that had significant effects on religion and politics. Trade also became very important in both empires as trans-Saharan trade became more popular and the desire for luxury goods increased.

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The Songhai and Mali empires both had strong monarchies that had significant effects on religion and politics. Trade also became very important in both empires as trans-Saharan trade became more popular and the desire for luxury goods increased

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Europe experienced lots of different political systems and concepts throughout 1450-1750. The rise of powerful nation-states became very popular as well as the absolute monarchy.

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The Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids all supported Islam, but had different versions. The Ottomans and the Mughals supported Sufism while the Safavids believed in Shi’ism

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The Songhai Empire and the Mali Empire both had belief systems rooted in Islamic influence which was promoted by many monarchs such as Mansa Musa. They both also had the typical hierarchy that corresponded with Islamic belief.

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The Songhai Empire and the Mali Empire both had belief systems rooted in Islamic influence which was promoted by many monarchs such as Mansa Musa. They both also had the typical hierarchy that corresponded with Islamic belief

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The Protestant Reformation was a big time in history where Calvinists and other Protestants went against and criticized the church which caused a dip in Christianity.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal Problems in the middle east.

There were a variety of internal and external problems in the middle east. These included things such as wars,religious conflicts, the black plague and different ethnic disparities and the short lived empires such as the Umayyadd. Later on there were also problems between gunpowder empires,primarily the Ottomans and the Safavids. Decentralization of the Abbasids as a result of to many different Dynasties.

The sunni, Shia divide

Wars between the Abbasids, Buyids, Seljuks and the Fatimids

Gunpowder wars between the Ottomans and the Safavids.

The Black Plague leading to many deaths

Decentralization of the Abbasids.

The rise of different slave empires decentralizing and taking over the throne of the Abbasid dynasty.

External problems in the middle east.

Mongol Invasions causing the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate

War from the Crusading Europeans

Empires such as the Ottomans losing their power on the world board after not becoming an overseas empire.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal problems in Africa.

Overall Africa had more external problems than internal problems, as prior to European colonization, Africa was doing relatively well. The only major internal problems were the wars between rival African nations and the fall of the Malian empire. Along with that there were other problems of rival African nations taking eachothers people for slavery. There was also a religious divide between traditional African beliefs, Islam and Christianity.

Conflicts between Islam,Christianity and traditional African religions leading to many conflicts overall.

Wars between rival African nations such as Songhay and Mali.

External problems for Africa.

Europeans coming in and taking over much of the land.

Islam spreading over and taking over much of the continent.

The slave trade both the Trans Saharan and Atlantic slave trade.

Many Bantu people in South Africa had to migrate up north after the arrival of the dutch.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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There weren’t a whole lot of internal problems in the civilizations of the Americas. As it was mainly Europeans coming in and ransacking the place that led to the most internal problems. The only thing that might be considered a problem was the Aztecs and how they chose to rule and due to their more brutal nature as a whole along with the wars the Aztecs waged with rival tribes to gain their power and position.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Important examples.

Black Death 1346-1353.

Hundred Years Wars 1337-1453.

Feudalism and feudalistic societies having a very corrupt monarchy.

Black death leading to labor shortages.

Conflicts between the Roman Catholic church and monarchies.

Bargaining power of peasants.

Religious disputes include the great schism

Protestant reformation

The deformation of empires

Germanic tribes such as the franks and angelos being threats to the large empires such as the Romans.

Europe at times being behind in technology of regions such as the middle east and east Asia.

The enlightenment and Renaissance pushing people away from former religious ideas.

The fall of the Roman catholic church.

External problems in Europe

Overall Europe had its fair share of external issues. These issues mainly included things with warfare. Such as the Mongol invasions of Europe or the Ottomans who were major threats after they had taken over the city of Constantinople. Religious issues from Europe had lingered outside of it, these mainly include the crusades which were a series of war campaigns led by Europe to restore the holy lands from the middle east. Other external problems were with overseas empires and trading in particular as often European states would tend to rival each other. For example the English and French tended to wage many wars against each other in North America.

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900-1400: described as the period of "classical states" - kingdoms were flourishing and had cultural and political models

1225-1400: kingdom of Dai Viet was established by the Tran dynasty after throwing out the Chinese

1428-1788: Le dynasty was also established, where the Chinese government system was adopted into the bureaucracy

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1348-1380 The Black Death arrives in Europe killing 25 million people leading to labor shortages which then led to conflicts with serfs.

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1237-1241: Hundred years war, a series of armed conflicts between England and France during the late middle ages, which had begun on the pretext of the English claim to the French throne.

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1265: Mongol/Tartar capture of Russia. Invasions of major Russian cities such as Kiev and Moscow, led to the take over of Russia under the Golden Horde Khanate. Russians resented the Mongols and referred to them as "Tartars".

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1439: Portugal increased expeditions to the north west african coast and begins to create many trading outposts on the coast.

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1095-1303 the era for the crusades. Happened because Christian crusaders wanted to restore the holy lands after the arrival of the Seljuk turks arrived in the region. However they failed, but where still a benefit to Europe as they brought many new cultural and trading benefits.

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Ming Dynasty: (1368-1644)

Main goal was to expand further in China

Explored to → India’s southwest coast and the Persian Gulf

Qing: (1644-1911)

Present-day China, Central Asia, Mongolia, and parts of Russia

Explored to → Northeast China

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The Ming and Qing dynasties had similar political systems in the sense that they both ruled with an imperial system, including a strong central government/leader and a typical hierarchy. The Ming dynasty also spread some Confucian ideas.

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Due to the Qing dynasty succeeding the Ming dynasty, both had roots in and actively practiced Confucianism. This included different life-style practices, rituals, and worship.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Overall the region saw a lot of war and destruction. Mainly as a result of the Mongols and their rapid takeover of the region. Along with being one of the first regions to have been affected by the black death. Along with that the Yuan Dynasty which replaced the Song dynasty after a long and brutal takeover from the Mongols was received with heavy backlash from many Chinese citizens along with Chinese bureaucrats. Backlash led to the toppling of the Yuan dynasty and the Ming Dynasty taking over.

The Mongols: 1206-1368

Had rapidly taken over Eastern Asia and had proved themselves a danger to the Song dynasty, eventually defeated them and caused mass killing and destruction in the region.

Replaced Song dynasty with the Yuan Dynasty

Responsible for the Black death which developed in 1320

Had captured and defeated all Turkic tribes in central Asia.

Attempted to overrun Japan

Successfully took over Korea

Resulted in a death toll of 20-57 Million people

The Yuan Dynasty:1279-1369

Mongol replacement of the Song Dynasty.

Yuan dynasty leader Kublai Khan was treated with backlash and resentment.

Overthrown by the Ming Dynasty

Started wars in Vietnam

Spanned over all of China and Korea

The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

Came and toppled the Yuan dynasty

Eradicated Mongols out of eastern Asia and China

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Maritime empires include Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands. These empires are known to have global dominance in Europe between 1450-1750

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Was a time period where the Americas and the Old World exchanged food, plants, animals, culture, technologies and much more.

Began when Christopher Columbus sailed through the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 and arrived in the West Indies, bringing new diseases to native peoples.

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1200: The rise of the incredibly gold rich nation of Mali in Africa, which was one of the main African powers.

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960-1279: the Song empire was a Chinese dynasty witnessing major cultural developments of expansion of trade and manufacturing

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1324: The pilgrimage of Mansa musa, which was revolutionary as it demonstrated the wealth and power Mali had with all their gold which made Africa a new destination for trade.

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Confucianism was an ancient Chinese belief system that emphasizes morality and personal ethics

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1200's-1300's:The Mongol Empire was founded by Chinggis (or Genghis) Khan, extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Persian Gulf

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1400: Flourishing cities of Timbuktu and Djenne/ establishment of Ethiopian Christian kingdoms.

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1400-1550: The great Zimbabwe at its height with gold and trade demonstrates the peak of African civilization at the time period.

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1500: The Songhai empire rises and becomes the most significant empire in west Africa and will remain powerful throughout the rest of the 16th century.

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750-1258: The rise of the Abbasid caliphate, becoming one of the most prosperous places at the time.

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945-1055: The Persian Buyids take control of the Abbasid throne and then in 1050 the Seljuk Turks take over the Abbasid caliphate.

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1258: Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols representing the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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1. Magnetic compass

2. Astrolabe

3. astronomical charts

4. Lateen sails were adopted by the Europeans from Arab merchants (triangular sails)

5. Cartography and maps

6. Europeans had learned modern map making techniques from Muslims and Byzantines

7. Portuguese caravel

8. Carrack - designed by the Portuguese made for longer distance trade. Used by Spanish and Portuguese to conquer the Americas, establish spice trade in Asia, and cross the Atlantic

9. Spanish galleons

10. Dutch fluyt

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Giant stone heads carved into basalt boulders by people of the Olmec civilization. Prime example of the Native American's skilled craftsmanship, specifically with crude materials like stone and obsidian.

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1340: Bubonic plague/black death reaches the middle east/

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Trade between sub-saharan Africa and North Africa, peaked of trade extended from 8th century to 17th century (1600s)

Caravans of Camels that transported large amounts of goods and resources.

Average size of a caravan was about 1,000 Camels, but some ranged to as large as 12,000

Guided by Berbers, experienced natives able to navigate the desert and guide the caravan to the destination.

The process was often dangerous, but the profit obtained from using this form of trade and transportation outweighed the danger.

Runners would be sent out to oasis, which is a small body of water located in the desert, to ship water to supply the camels and travelers, or the whole caravan would go.

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Had a large network of ports connecting cities and merchants across the Indian subcontinent

From East Africa --> Persian Gulf, Western India, Southeast Asia, China, etc.

Merchants interacted often on these ports

Many diaspora communities were active traders across the Indian Ocean

Networks led to long-distance business

Goods, people, religions, and technologies were traded

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam was sprad to Southeast Asia

The most important driving factor of the Indian Ocean Exchange was culture

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1600 BCE: Rise Mayan empire in central America. Being the oldest empire in Central America and using unique forms of technology.

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1225-1400: the Dai Viet kingdom was established under Tran rule. It was considered a "classical kingdom", which were kingdoms that were flourishing and had cultural and political models

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950-1150: Rise of the Toltec empire after many Tribal wars in central America, Toltec rose to victory.

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1519: Calendar invented by the Mayan civilization. It is a large and accurate calendar that demonstrated their interest and expertise in time-keeping.

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1300: The Aztec Empire was established in central Mexico with the capital being modern-day Mexico City, they were known to be quite Brutal and did lots of sacrificial rituals.

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1438: The Incas were established in the Cuzco area. They spanned vastly spanning from northern Chile all the way up north to Columbia. They where the largest and most prominent civilization in the south American continent, less brutal then the Aztecs. Established the infamous landmark of Machu Picchu.

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This map shows the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empire