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In 700 BC (1) the Athenians overthrew the monarchical rule, and replaced it with "demokratia". What remained of the Athenian democracy was extinguished by the Romans who overran Greece in 146 BC (3). Aristotle and Plato (2) were Greek philosophers during this time.

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Rome, like Athens, was founded in 753 BC (1) and was originally a city-state ruled by a monarchy. It was overthrown in 509 BC and was soon replaced by res publica (republic).  Much of the political history of the republican period revolved around an often violent struggle between two social classes: the Patricians and the Plebeians. (2) It was made to last 400+ years until it became the Roman Empire at the end of the first century BC. (3)

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The decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD (1) and marked the beginning of the Middle Ages- the period from that event onto the 16th century.(3) Its a loosely organized system in which powerful lords divided their lands among other lesser lords. The basic economic units in the feudal system were the lords' manors. Each manor contained all of a lords land holdings, which often included a town or village as well. (2)

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Spread across Western Europe, as well as Roman Catholicism between 300-800 AD. (1 & 3) The Roman Catholic Church is now nearly 2,000 years old, and traces its origin back to the death of Jesus in Jerusalem in 33 AD. Most of Europe was converted to Christianity so then most of the Europeans became Catholics. (2)

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By the late 1400's (1) monarchies started to expand, and feudalism started disappearing. Monarchies were taking over places such as England, Spain, and France (2) where rulers centralized power and established national governments with national legal systems. (3)

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UK constitutional monarchy: In this monarchy a King or Queen is Head of State. This means that the Sovereign is head of state its the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Even though the the Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation. The monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over a thousand years of history.
United Arab Emirates federal monarchy: In this monarchy it is composed of 7 emirates (constituent monarchies). The UAE is a federal, presidential, absolute monarchy. According to tradition, the hereditary ruler of Abu Dhabi is the president and head of state, while the hereditary ruler of Dubai is the prime minister and head of government.

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Beginning in the late 1400's and early 1500's (1) several European monarchies embarked on a policy of colonialism. Colonialism is the control of one nation over lands abroad. (3) European settlers, laws, and religious beliefs spread around the world as rival nations competed for colonial possessions. (2)

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Occurring in the early 1500's (1) mercantilism is an economic and political theory emphasizing money as the chief source of wealth to increase the absolute power of the monarchy and nation. (3) Sailors, shipmen, and anyone involved in an industry are involved in this economy. (2)

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John Locke (1632-1704): Put the notion of the natural rights of all men, including the rights to life, liberty, and property. Ideas that later formed the basis for the Declaration of Independence. It was his idea of natural rights was limited to white men and built on the view of fellow Englishman Thomas Hobbes.
Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778): Known as Voltaire, advocated reason, freedom of religion, the importance of scientific observation, and the idea of human progress.