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The start of a new friendship began when the Germans allied with Prussia and fought against France during the wake of the Napoleonic Wars. Unfortunately, Germany could not get two of their biggest allies to stop fighting, Prussia and Austria. So, the Catholics in the south supported Germany being ruled by Austria. Meanwhile protestants in the north supported Germany being under Prussian rule. In the end, the protestants won the vote.

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This video discusses Haiti's fight for independence in 1804. The population in Haiti had become overwhelmingly slave heavy. Haiti's tiny slave-filled army fought some of the largest western powers in the world. Against all odds they fought and won every single time and gained their independence.

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Brazil's leader, Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on September 7th 1822. After Brazil became free it remained a monarchy all the way into slavery was abolished many years later. Pedro was declared emperor and he agreed to follow Brazil's constitution. Finally, after Brazil gained independence Portugal was trying to continue the war but in the end, the Portuguese surrendered.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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German Romanticism Art

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Hati Impressionism  Art

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Pedro I was the first emperor and the founder of Brazil. He was the son of King John VI of Portugal, who he accompanied in his flight to Brazil. In order to free Brazil he befriended ministers who counseled independence. Within three months of Pedro I naming Brazil independent he was crowned emperor.

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Pedro I, (born Oct. 12, 1798, Lisbon, Port.-died Sept. 24, 1834, Lisbon), founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal.

Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal. When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Pedro accompanied the royal family in its flight to Brazil. He remained there as regent when King John returned to Portugal in 1821.

Pedro surrounded himself with ministers who counseled independence. When the Portuguese Cortês (Parliament), preferring colonial status for Brazil, demanded that Pedro return to Lisbon to "complete his political education," he issued a declaration of Brazilian independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Within three months he was crowned emperor.

Pedro's initial popularity waned, and in 1823, when the Brazilian Assembly was preparing a liberal constitution, he dissolved that body and exiled the radical leader José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. On March 25, 1824, however, Pedro accepted a somewhat less liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State at his behest.

Although adoption of that charter may have saved Pedro from deposition, it did not reestablish his popularity. His autocratic manner, his lack of enthusiasm for parliamentary government, and his continuing deep interest in Portuguese affairs antagonized his subjects, as did the failure of his military forces in a war with Argentina over what is now Uruguay. Strong opposition in the Brazilian Parliament and a series of local uprisings induced him to abdicate in 1831 in favour of his son Dom Pedro II, who was then five years old. Pedro I then returned to Portugal.

On the death of King John VI (March 10, 1826), Pedro I had become titular king of Portugal as Pedro IV. Two months later, still in Brazil, he issued a parliamentary charter for Portugal and conditionally abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter Maria da Glória, the future Queen Maria II. He died of natural causes in Portugal while securing his daughter's claim against that of his brother, the regent Miguel.

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Pedro I | Reign of Brazil, Independence, Abolitionist

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Pedro I, founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal. Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal.

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The 1871 German government is headed by a prime minister. The prime minister is called a chancellor and they hold multiple political positions and major importance. The prime minister is voted on by the Federal Assembly before the nomination by the president. Germany is made up of two legislative houses and is a federal country.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor ( prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state).

The table provides a chronological list of the leaders of Germany from 1871.
Kaisers of the German Empire

*Upon Hindenburg's death in 1934, the powers of the presidency were merged with those of the chancellor.

**Chancellor from 1933 and Führer ("Leader") from 1934.

***East Germany was governed by interim administrations from December 1989 until the two Germanys were reunited in October 1990.

Presidents of the Weimar Republic Leaders of the Third Reich (National Socialist regime) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) First (or General) Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (reunited Germany)
Amy Tikkanen.

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Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor (prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state). The table provides a chronological list of the

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Jean-Jacques Dessalines was the leader of the Haiti Revolution in 1804. He led the Battle of Vertieres on November 18, 1803. During this battle the French military was conquered by Haiti. A little later,  on January 1, 1804, the country became independent and was renamed Haiti.