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Gunner Myrdal published his classic work on American race relations suggesting that racism was an anachronistic holdover of slavery. Myrdal noted that racial discrimination stood in stark contrast to American ideals of liberty and equality, predicting that they would eventually change for the better.

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At the end of World War II, the United States grew to the powerful nation it is now. As a result, equality came to the forefront as a very important social issue. Not only was making the nations schools accessible to everyone important, but fair and equal schooling was also a driving force of change in educational institutions.

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After World War II, race became an increasing issue in urban school districts. Large numbers of African Americans began to move to cities, this caused an increase in residential segregation. As a result of this, schools began to become highly segregated.

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The Great Migration was a large exodus of Southern Blacks to metropolitan areas in the North due to industrialization, this led to commensurately large emigration from the cities known as The White Flight to suburban areas. This resegregated schools by proxy if not law.

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The birth of teen culture as it exists today was created in the high schools of this era, many of the common “cliques” (jocks, nerds, cheerleaders, etc.) take shape in this era due to the post-war generation teenage rebellion, increase in the economic standing of teenagers, and mass media such as Elvis and movies like James Dean’s “Rebel Without a Cause.”

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n the 1950's and 60's, groups like the NAACP and other civil rights organizations began to fight for greater equity and equality in urban education which was plagued with segregation and large discrepancies between the dominant schools and the minoritized schools.

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US Supreme Court declared segregated schools to be inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. It signaled a dramatic shift in national policy and prevalent conceptions of social justice.

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In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education changed schools forever. This ruling declared segregated schools to be unconstitutional. This was a huge moment for the civil rights movement. Women's equality groups and students' rights groups too inspiration from this and pushed for further changes in schools and society. American education would never be the same.

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The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education ended legal segregation of schools and served as the legal keystone for dismantling the Jim Crow era policies.

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Brown v Board declares that segregated schools are unequal therefore overturning Plessy v. Ferguson

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Whites in the South engaged in “massive resistance,” marked by periodic confrontations when Blacks enrolled in White schools. The most dramatic incident involved nine students at Little Rock’s Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to restore order, but the school closed the following year.

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The hypocrisy of the US was on full display during the massive racial eruption during The Little Rock Nine incident, where President Eisenhower had to deploy federal troops to restore order.

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The majority of black youth was attending high school on a standard basis, even as formal desegregation was still ongoing.

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New research led to the discovery of learning disabilities

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President Lyndon Johnson oversaw passage of the nation’s first comprehensive federal education bill, ESEA. This was an integral part of Johnson’s “War on Poverty.” Title I of the act provided federal dollars to schools serving students from poverty backgrounds.

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National Organization of Women (NOW) included a provision in its bill of rights calling for “equal and unsegregated education”

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The Supreme Court Cases: Green v. New Kent County & Alexander v. Holmes County finally ended racial desegregation across the South.

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Courts approved mandatory busing of students as a remedy to residential segregation. With this, school districts could be required to address inequalities by moving children from one neighborhood to another

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Swan v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg case approves mandatory busing of students to remediate residential segregation

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Title IX provision declares “no person...shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”

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The post war era introduced us to a generation refereed to as baby boomers. This group grew up in a society much different than any before it. They experienced all of the changes taking place in education, society etc. and worked their way from early education to secondary education throughout this time period in chapter 5. This youth culture began to move off to college campuses. This vastly different generation of baby boomers lead to the "counter culture" or things out of the norm, that we would eventually see in the 70's and 80's.