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A seed bank is a place where seeds of various plant species are stored in order to protect it from various stressors in the environment which might cause its extinction such as disease and climate change. Seeds are also stored here in order for them to be used in research and maintaining crop diversity. A famous example of a seed bank is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault located in the Arctic Circle.

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In the Philippines, farmers in the Cordilleras have practiced home and community seed banking known as the su-ulan system in order to preserve and protect their crops like corn, legumes and rice from pests and fungal infections.

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Seed germination pertains to the event which starts from seed hydration up to the emergence of the radicle or the embryonic axis (Srivastava, 2002). According to Taiz and colleagues (2014), water imbibition is divided into three phases namely Phases 1 (water uptake is high due to imbibition), 2 (decline in water uptake and initiation of metabolic processes which then expands the embryo and causes the radicle to emerge), and 3 (increase in water uptake and the food reserves are mobilized within the seedling). Food (in the form of nutrients) is essential for the growth of the plant and is stored and mobilized right after germination. Starches are stored in amyloplasts and are degraded by α and ꞵ-amylases to produce glucose. Proteins are stored in protein storage vacuoles (which contain phytin) and are hydrolyzed by phytase to provide amino acids for protein synthesis and release phosphate and other ions in the seedling. Lipids serve as high energy carbon sources for the plant and are stored in oil and lipid bodies. Aside from these, plant growth is also dictated by tropisms which are responses of the plant to directional stimuli. This may either be positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus). Three main types of tropisms alter the direction of plant growth namely gravitropism (growth in response to gravity), thigmotropism (growth in response to touch) and phototropism (growth in response to light).

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An additional type of seed dormancy which is inherent to the embryo and is not affected by the seed coat is called embryo dormancy. According to Taiz and colleagues (2014) dormancy may be broken through scarification (for physical dormancy), removal of the cotyledons (for embryo dormancy), exposure to chemicals such as sulfhydryl and nitrogenous compounds, adjusting light exposure, chilling, and after-ripening.

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After primary dormancy, secondary dormancy may also occur to non-dormant seeds when environmental conditions are unfavorable.

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Primary dormancy occurs in mature seeds that fail to germinate under normal conditions due to the action of ABA.

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Internal dormancy or physiological dormancy is induced by chemical inhibitors within the seed particularly the actions of the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) (Taiz et al., 2014).

(e.g. Malus pumilus)

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This is also known as seed coat dormancy where the aforementioned part of the seed does not allow gas exchange to occur, water to pass through to the seed, and prevents the radicle from coming out.

(e.g. Cucusta australis)

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Seed dormancy is the process by which seed germination is blocked which allows for more time for the seed to be dispersed and is also due to the seasonal cycling in the soil seed bank (Taiz et al., 2014). There are two types of seed dormancy namely physical dormancy and internal dormancy (Yildiz et al., 2017).

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Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce)

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Ambelia philippinensis L. (binaok)

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Nepeta cataria L. (catnip)

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Pisum sativum L. (sweet pea)

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Manihot esculenta Crantz. (kamoteng kahoy)

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Solanum tuberosum L. (potato)

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Raphanus sativus L. (radish)

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Oryza sativa L. (rice)

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Given the choice, we picked the ten plants listed below as the plants whose seeds we are going to store in our seed bank. These plants serve dual purposes as some of these can serve both as food and medicine. Keeping seeds of these plants in the Cordilleras will also aid in their preservation and maintaining food security for the people.

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Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean)

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Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Presl. (gabing uwak)

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There are two axes formed during embryogenesis, the apical-basal (upper-lower) and radial (outer-inner) axes, which serves as reference for postembryonic development. The one-cell embryo expresses the PIN7 protein in the basal daughter cell (bc), and the DR5 reporter is expressed on the apical cell (ac).  After two more divisions. All of the proembryo (pe) cells express PIN1 and exhibit DR5 reporter activity. Basal suspensor (sus) cells express PIN7, which is polarly localized on the side of the proembryo. Once it reaches the globular stage, basal PIN1 polarity is established in the central lower proembryo cells and PIN1 is localized apically in outer protoderm (pd) cells.

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PIN7 polarity causes the reversal of suspensor cells and activation of PIN4. At this stage, the cell expresses DR5 reporter and is specified as the hypophysis. The embryo goes on to the transition stage, where cotyledons are initiation of cotyledons and goes on to the torpedo stage where regions of the embryo give rise to the Root Apical Meristem (RAM) and Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) (Moller & Weijers, 2009).