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1. BASICS OF CHAPTER

2. PACKAGING OF HELIX

3. TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE

4. THE GENETIC MATERIAL IS DNA(HERSHEY& CHASE EXP.)

5. DNA v/s RNA

6. REPLICATION

7. RNA

8. TRANSCRIPTION

9. MUTATIONS& GENETIC CODE

10. TRANSLATION

11. LAC OPERON

12. HGP

13. DNA FINGERPRINTING

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QUES.1.) Where are histone protein present?
ans.) histone are present in eukaryotic organism.

QUES.2)  What are the 2 basic protein in histones?
ans.) lysine and arginine are 2 basic protein in histones.

QUES.3 .) What are nucleosome?
ans.) The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the postively charged histone protein and forms the nucleosome.

QUES.4.) At what phase chromatin is coiled and condesed to form chromosomes,?
ans.)  at metaphase.

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QUES .1) What is transforming principle in Griffith experiment?
ans.) Griffith concluded that the R-strain bacteria must have taken up what he called a "transforming principle" from the heat-killed S bacteria,

QUES.2) Why the mice died when heat killed S- strain was injected to the it along with live R- strain?
ans.) Beacuse some genetic material got transformed by the S- strain to R - strain.

QUES.3 ) What caused the death of mice in each case?
ans.) the mice died died because getting it got infected by Streptococus pneumoniae .

QUES.4) Which strain is more virulent and caused the death of mice?
ans.) more virulent strain is S-STRAIN.

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QUES.1) Who proved that genetic material is DNA?
ans.) Alfred hershey and Martha chase proved that gentic material is DNA.

QUES.2) Why hershey and chase choosed sulphu and phosphorus ?
ans.) They choosen  because proteins contain almost no phosphorus and DNA contains no sulfur, so the radioactive isotopes would show up in the cells if the phosphorus-32 or sulfur-35 appeared.

QUES.3) Why bacteriophage was choosen for the experiment?
ans.) as bacteriophage virus consists of DNA core packed inside a protein coat.

QUES.4.) Why no radioactivity was found in the phosphorus supernatant?
ans.) They observed (S1) virus which contains radioactive DNA but not radioactive proteins. This is because DNA is a phosphorus-based compound while protein is not a phosphorus-based.

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QUES.!) When can a molecule act as gentic material?

ability to replicate.

stable chemically and structurally.

scope of slow mutations.

QUES.2) Why DNA is better genetic material?
ans.) DNA is better genetic material becoz;-
more stable than RNA, presence of H- grp in place of OH-grp, & slow mutations are seen.

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QUES.1.) Why a purine always pairs with pyrimidine.?

a ns,)so that to maintain the diameter of constant i.e 20 Aº

QUES.2,) Why is DNA negatively charged.?
ans.) Due to presence of phosphate group.

QUES.3 ) What is central dogma ? does it any exceptations.?
ans.) the transfer of genetic material from DNA to RNAand then protein is called central dogma.
VIRUSES are an exception to it as the reverse occurs in them.

QUES.4) What are the purines and pyrimidines.?

PURINES:- Adenine and guanine

PYRIMIDINE:- Cytosine, uracil and thymine.

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QUES.1.) When and where replication of DNA occurs.?

ans.) Replication occurs in s- phase of interphase of cell division.

QUES.2.) Why is DNA replication called as semiconservative.?

ans.) DNA replication is called as semiconservative because one strand is parental whereas the other one is newly synthesised.

QUES.3.) On the  basis of which rule the new strands are formed.?

ans.) the new strands are based on the COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING RULE.

QUES.4). why the DNA do not unwind to its entire lenght?

ans.) DNA dos'nt  unwind to its entire lenght  in one go because  the energy required to break H2 bonds is not available.

QUES.5).What is the polarity of the new strand where the nucleotides are added?

ans.) The polarity of new strand is 5' ---> 3'.

QUES.6.) Why is primase needed.?

ans.) DNA polymerase cannot start the process hence a small sequence of RNA primer is needed to start the replication.

QUES.7.)  How many primer are required for synthesis of LEADING STRAND?

ans.) only one RNA primer is needed.

QUES.8.). How are okazaki fragments formed.?

ans.) The DNA nucleotides which are synthesized in discontinous manner are linked by DNA ligase on lagging strand forming okazaki fragments.

QUES.9) Why DNA-dependent DNA polymerase is called DNA dependent?

ans.) As it uses DNA template to catalyse the polymerisation of deoxynucleotides.

QUES.10.) What are the dual purpose served by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.?

a ns,.) 1.> in addition of substrate.

2.> provide energy for polymerisation reaction.

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QUES.1) Which is the most abudant RNA? write its one function.
ans.) rRNA is most abudant RNA.

function:-

~ binds to protein molecule and give rise to ribosome.

QUES.2) Why tRNA molecule is called an adapter molecule?
ans.) beacause it transfers amino acid to ribosomes for synthesis of polypeptides.

QUES.3) How intiator tRNA serves dual function?

It intiates the process of protein synthesis.

it brings the first amino acid.

QUES.4) Why mRNA is called as genetic RNA?
ans.) As it brings instruction from DNA for particular  type of polypeptide.

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QUES.1) Which principles governs transcription?
ans.) Principle of complementarity governs transcription.

QUES.2) Why both the strands are not copied during transcription?
ans.)One segment of the DNA would be coding for two different proteins, and this would complicate the genetic information transfer machinery.

QUES.3.) Where does the RNA polymerase binds to in the DNA molecule?
ans.) RNA polyemerase binds to the promoter region and intiates the transcription.

QUES.4.) What is the importance of rho factor in trnsciption of prokaryotes?
ans.) The rho factor is needed to terminate the process of transcription.

QUES.5.) In which phase does the eukaryotic transcription occurs?
ans.) Major part of transcription occurs in  G-1 and G-2 phase.

QUES.6.)Why hnRNA is required to undergo splicing?
ans.) hnRNA is required to undergo splicing to remove the introns and to join the adjacent exons with the help of DNA ligase.

QUES.7.) What is the function of methlylated guanine cap?
ans.) it helps in binding of mRNA to smaller ribosomal sub unit during intiation of  translation.

QUES.8.) What is the function of poly -A tail?
ans.) Poly-A tail provides longevity to mRNA's life.

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QUES.1)  Why genetic code is called as triplet code?
ans.) as it is made of of three adjacent bases from one amino acid.

QUES.2) Why genetic code is called as universal?
ans.) As a codon specifies the same amino acid from a bacterium to a tree or human being. eg.- UUU codes for phenylalanine in all of them.

QUES.3) Why the genetic code is called as degenerate or redudant codon?
ans.) As some amino acids are coded by more than one codon hence, it is called as degenerate

QUES.4.)Which RNA is not present in stop codon?
ans.) tRNA is not present in stop codon.

QUES.5.) What is point mutation?
ans,.) mutation due to change in single base pair in DNA sequence is called point mutations.

QUES.6) How sickle cell anemia is caused?
ans.) When in beta - globin chain at 6th position glutamic acid is replaced by valine.

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QUES.1) What is meant by charging of tRNA?
ans.) It refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its Transfer RNA (tRNA).
QUES.2.)What is the role of messenger RNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis?
ans.)Messenger RNA is responsible for serving as the template in which ribosomes will read the codons, and then synthesize a polypeptide.

QUES.3.)What direction does chain elongation always occur in?
ans.)The elongation of mRNA is in the 5` 3` direction. This direction is fixed and the ribosomes move the message from left to right, thus mRNA is read in the 5` 3` direction.

QUES.4.) Why is charging of fRNA necessary during translation process?
ans.). Activation of amino acids by ATP provides the energy for the formation of peptide bond.

QUES.5.)How is the translation of mRNA terminated?
ans.) By release of termination codon(UAA, UAG,UGA) at A-site.

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QUES.1.) Why it is called as an inducible operon system?
ans.) since the addition of lactose itself stimulates the production of required enzymes.

QUES.2.)What does lac-z codes for?
ans.) lac-z codes for beta- galactosidase.

QUES.3.) What does lac-y codes for.?
ans.) codes for permease.

QUES.4.) What does lac-a codes for?
ans.) codes for transacetylase.

QUES.5.) Why is operator gene needed.?
ans.) It is needed to interact with  the protein molecule whic will prevent the transcription of structural gene.

QUES,6.)Name the inducer for LAC- operon and explain its role.
ans,)inducer is lactose. Function:- It enters the cell and binds to the repressor and inactivates it. As a result, repressor cannot bind to the operator.

QUES.7.)Wht is the role of lactose in lac operon?
ans.)

It is the substrate for the enzyme (3-galactosidase.

It functions as the inducer and regulates the switching on and off of the operon.

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QUES.1)Why it is called as megaproject?

huge cost 9 million us dollars

very large number of base pairs.

QUES.2) What is the goal of hgp?

ans.identification of all approx.20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.

To determine the sequence of the 3billion chemical base pairs that make up human dna

QUES.3)Why are YAC & BAC needed?
ans.) The use of YACs, BACs and PACs in transgenesis has allowed the discovery of new genes by complementation of mutations

QUES.4.) What are application of hgp?

ans,.) tx of disorders.

cancer therapy

health care

study of tissues.

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QUES.1.) What are satellite DNA in a genome ?
ans.) Satellite DNA are DNA sequences that contain highly repetitive DNA which means that a single sequence is repeated many times over.

QUES.2) Why are VNTR's important?
ans.) Because they are thegenetic makeup of in individual inherited from his or her parent.

QUES.3.) What is the gel used in gel electrophoresis.? and what is its source?
ans.) The gel used is agarose gel and is extracted from sea weed.

QUES.4.) What is probe?
ans.) Probe is a synthetic DNA fragment which is radioactive in nature.

QUES.5) What is the use of probe?
ans.) It helps in identification of vntr's.

QUES.6) Write any 5 application of DNA fingerprinting.

ans.) individuality

paternity/ maternity disputes

human lineage

forensics and crime pursuits

hereditary diseases