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- Phineas Gage survived a traumatic brain injury which occurred whilst working on a railroad.
- An iron rod shot through his skill into the left frontal lobe of his brain.
- Miraculously, he survived this injury, however he underwent personality changes from this.
- He started to behave inappropriately in social situations and family commented that he went from easy going to irritable and aggressive.
- Memory impacted -
* Could remember what (ie: could name mother)
* Couldn't remember how (ie: was in a semi-comatose state after the accident and could not move)
* Couldn't remember that (ie: past events)

References
Gearhart, S. (2019). Phineas Gage | Biography, Injury, & Facts. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phineas-Gage
Guy-Evans, O. (2020, November 30). Phineas Gage | Simply Psychology. Www.simplypsychology.org. https://www.simplypsychology.org/phineas-gage.html

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2. What’s the reasoning behind selecting this example? - Sabrina

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2. What’s the reasoning behind selecting this example? - Sabrina

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- An interesting case study that focuses on other aspects than the normal "know how" and "know that" pathways.
- Gage's personality completely changed, this shows that something about his "know how" pathway was altered. He no longer knew how to be the person he was before.
- Gage was aware of his personality shift though which indicates that his "know that" pathway was not disrupted. He did know facts about his previous personality and that he ahd changed, just not why.

References
Gearhart, S. (2019). Phineas Gage | Biography, Injury, & Facts. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phineas-Gage

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3. Is there already evidence to support your example that you can draw upon? - Katie B

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3. Is there already evidence to support your example that you can draw upon? - Katie B

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- Study conducted on a 33-year-old woman who had an accident at 7
-Left her with frontal lobe and white matter damage, the same as Gage
-She had normal childhood development, such as speech and motor skills. Her teacher described her as well-groomed and friendly
-After the accident, her parents noted she was hostile and had a disorganised approach to problem-solving
-This relates to Gage because due to similar brain region damage, she underwent severe personality changes
-In both cases, they were aware of the change in personality but were unaware of why it was occurring

Eslinger PJ, Grattan LM, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Developmental Consequences of Childhood Frontal Lobe Damage. Arch Neurol. 1992;49(7):764–769. doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530310112021

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4. How has this case study helped research in this area of psychology? - Charlotte 

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4. How has this case study helped research in this area of psychology? - Charlotte 

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- Helped psychologists learn that different parts of the brain have different functions
e.g Phineas Gage suffered damage to the frontal lobe of the brain and was discovered this area of the brain determines our personality
- Damage to brain regions can damage their function
e.g damage to Phineas Gages frontal lobe changed his personality from a hardworking, pleasant man to more aggressive
- Phineas Gage was a unique case study that could not have been replicated in a lab & provided one of the first sources of evidence that the frontal lobe was associated with personality

Damasio, H. (2018). Phineas Gage: The brain and the behavior. Revue Neurologique, 174(10), 738-739.