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(Image credit: Dr. Robert Ricker, NOAA/NOS/ORR)

Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that live in the southern regions of the Earth. Though many people imagine a small, black-and-white animal when they think of penguins, these birds actually come in a variety of sizes, and some are very colorful.

For example, crested penguins sport a crown of yellow feathers. Blushes of orange and yellow mark the necks of emperor and king penguins. What look like bright yellow, bushy eyebrows adorn the heads of some species, such as the Fiordland, royal, Snares and rockhopper penguins. The macaroni penguin's name comes from the crest of yellow feathers on its head, which looks like the 18th-century hats of the same name. A light yellow mask covers the face of the yellow-eyed penguin around the eyes.

(Image credit: Gemma Clucas)

According to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), there are 19 species of penguin. (Some experts, however, say the eastern rockhopper is a subspecies of the southern rockhopper.) [ Gallery: Photos of 18 Penguin Species]

The smallest penguin species is the little (also called little blue) penguin. These birds grow to 10 to 12 inches (25.4 to 30.48 centimeters) tall and weigh only 2 to 3 lbs. (0.90 to 1.36 kilograms). The largest penguin is the emperor penguin. It grows to 36 to 44 inches (91.44 to 111.76 cm) tall and weighs 60 to 90 lbs (27.21 to 40.82 kg).

Where do penguins live?

Considered marine birds, penguins live up to 80 percent of their lives in the ocean, according to the New England Aquarium. All penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere, though it is a common myth that they all live in Antarctica. In fact, penguins can be found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also a myth that penguins can only live in cold climates. The Galapagos penguin, for example, lives on tropical islands at the equator.

What do penguins eat?

Penguins are carnivores; they eat only meat. Their diet includes krill (tiny crustaceans), squid and fish. Some species of penguin can make a large dent in an area's food supply. For example, the breeding population of Adélie penguins (about 2,370,000 pairs) can consume up to 1.5 million metric tons (1.5 billion kg) of krill, 115,000 metric tons (115 million kg) of fish and 3,500 metric tons (3.5 million kg) of squid each year, according to Sea World.

The yellow-eyed penguin is very tenacious when foraging for food. It will dive as deep as 120 meters (393.70 feet) up to 200 times a day looking for fish, according to the Yellow-Eyed Penguin Trust.

Mating & baby penguins

A group of penguins is called a colony, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. During breeding season, penguins come ashore to form huge colonies called rookeries, according to Sea World.

Most penguins are monogamous. This means that male and female pairs will mate exclusively with each other for the duration of mating season. In many cases, the male and female will continue to mate with each other for most of their lives. For example, research has found that chinstrap penguins re-paired with the same partner 82 percent of the time and gentoo penguins re-paired 90 percent of the time.

At around three to eight years old, a penguin is mature enough to mate. Most species breed during the spring and summer. The male usually starts the mating ritual and will pick out a nice nesting site before he approaches a female.

After mating, the female emperor or king penguin will lay a single egg. All other species of penguins lay two eggs. The two parents will take turns holding the eggs between their legs for warmth in a nest. The one exception is the emperor penguin. The female of this species will place the egg on the male's feet to keep warm in his fat folds while she goes out and hunts for several weeks.

When penguin chicks are ready to hatch, they use their beaks to break through the shell of their eggs. This process can take up to three days. After the chicks emerge, the parents will take turns feeding their offspring with regurgitated food. Penguin parents can identify their offspring by unique calls that the chick will make.

(Image credit: Michelle LaRue)

Classification/taxonomy

The taxonomy of penguins, according to ITIS, is:

Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Bilateria Infrakingdom: Deuterostomia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Aves Order: Sphenisciformes Family: Spheniscidae Genera: Aptenodytes, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Megadyptes, Pygoscelis and Spheniscus Species:

Aptenodytes forsteri (emperor penguin)

Aptenodytes patagonicus (king penguin)

Eudyptes chrysocome (southern rockhopper penguin)

Eudyptes chrysolophus (macaroni penguin)

Eudyptes filholi (eastern rockhopper penguin; considered by some to be a subspecies of southern rockhopper)

Eudyptes moseleyi (northern rockhopper penguin)

Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (Fiordland penguin)

Eudyptes robustus (Snares penguin)

Eudyptes schlegeli (royal penguin)

Eudyptes sclateri (erect-crested penguin)

Eudyptula minor (little penguin, also called little blue penguin)

Megadyptes antipodes (yellow-eyed penguin)

Pygoscelis adeliae (Adélie penguin)

Pygoscelis antarcticus (chinstrap penguin)

Pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin)

Spheniscus demersus (jackass penguin, also called African penguin)

Spheniscus humboldti (Humboldt penguin)

Spheniscus magellanicus (Magellanic penguin)

Spheniscus mendiculus (Galapagos penguin)

Conservation status

According to the Red List of Threatened Species from the International Union for Conservation of Nature, four penguin species are endangered: northern rockhopper, erect-crested, yellow-eyed, jackass and Galapagos penguins. Most of the other species of penguins are listed as vulnerable or threatened.

Other facts

The chinstrap penguin has a stripe of black that runs from one side of its head to the other. This strip looks like a chinstrap.

The shape of all penguins makes them aerodynamic. It is the perfect shape for gliding through the water as they swim.

Most birds have hollow bones. Penguins do not. Their heavier bones counteract the birds' natural buoyancy, making them very quick swimmers. Penguins can swim up to 15 mph (24.14 kph) according to the World Wildlife Fund.

Rockhoppers do not glide on their bellies like other penguins. They instead hop from rock to rock to move across land quickly.

Additional resources

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Alina Bradford - Live Science Contributor

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(Image credit: Dr. Robert Ricker, NOAA/NOS/ORR) Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that live in the southern regions of the Earth. Though many people imagine a small, black-and-white animal when they think of penguins, these birds actually come in a variety of sizes, and some are very colorful.

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Part of Penguin's body

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Unless it is a Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), none of the penguin species reach the northern hemisphere, since they are birds that live only in the southern hemisphere. According to the species, they can live in Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, South Africa and several islands located between latitudes 45º and 58º South.

However, not any place or island seems a suitable place to live. Penguins require habitats where nature provides them with shelter, enough food, and space where they can interact and reproduce. A habitat is an area where a species lives because it allows its survival, development, and reproduction increasing its chances of survival.

Typically, the members of a species follow the path of evolution during centuries to fully adapt to the conditions of their habitats, which is why penguins have a layer of feathers that isolates them from the wind and low temperatures of their habitat. All the penguins maintain a body temperature between the 38º and the 39º C regardless the cold conditions of their habitats.

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the species that lives in the coldest habitat of all since some Antarctic zones reach a temperature as cold as -40º or -60º C. To withstand the effects of this harsh climate, their feathers, and their abundant body fat are their best resources.

But the habitats of penguins are not always cold; some can be warm and temperate, and penguins manage to survive, as long as the environment is not arid because their body cannot endure in such environment. For example, the Galapagos penguin lives very well in these tropical islands; however, in a place where the water does not reach more than 28º C, in southern Africa, there is also a species of penguins.

The biomes that inhabit penguins are coastal and oceanic, so they are always beside the sea, where they get their food. Some species spend up to 80 percent of their life in the water or several months during the year in the ocean, and only use icebergs as places to rest.

If it is time to settle on land, they prefer islands and remote continental sites, devoid of predators, to reduce danger and have a greater chance of survival. The most southern place where they can live temporary is at Cape Royds, a Cape in the Ross Sea in Antarctica.

What characteristics do penguins look to settle on a site?

-Climate and water temperature.
It depends on the species because while the penguins of the Galapagos withstand a warm climate, the Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) need low temperatures to avoid fainting; that is why, along with the emperor penguins, they are the only other species who live all their lives in Antarctica. In both cases, they developed adaptations, either to dissipate the heat or to save it according to the circumstances.

The temperature of the water should be cold or at least cool, due to the density of their feathers. In tropical areas where some species live, water is usually about 10° C colder than their body temperature, so if they overheat, they just get into the ocean.

-Availability of food.
They usually settle in places near ocean currents that carry cold, nutrient-rich water, which means that krill and other prey are also there.

Many colonies of penguins live near the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Benguela Current, and the Humboldt Current.

- Lack of Predators.
As mentioned, they make sure to nest in areas where predators can not easily access. Due to the danger of being attacked, nesting colonies are very dense.
Sources:
http://www.iucnredlist.org/

http://animaldiversity.org/search/?q=penguins&feature=INFORMATION

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/habitat-and-distribution

http://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/good-nature-travel/posts/where-in-the-world-you-can-see-penguins
BioExpedition Publishing © 2017.

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Unless it is a Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), none of the penguin species reach the northern hemisphere, since they are birds that live only in the southern hemisphere. According to the species, they can live in Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, South Africa and several islands located between latitudes 45º and 58º South.

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How do penguins behave?

Their funny gait causes smiles, and their extreme ability to swim, astonishment and admiration. While they have many characteristics similar to other seabirds such as the need to nest in large colonies, there are other fascinating facts about their behavior both on land and in water.

Most penguin species are pelagic; this means that while in the ocean, they stay near the surface, and they do not spend much time underwater. However, penguins are experienced divers, and some species can stay underwater for several minutes. Regarding speed, many species reach about 2 m/s but the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is slightly faster. In contrast, the little penguin (Eudyptula minor), the smallest species, usually swim at a slower speed.

Indeed, they are clumsy on the ground compared to their grace in the water. Often they walk with short steps, but others prefer to jump from rock to rock. Sometimes, over the ice and snow, they have a peculiar way of traveling: sliding on their bellies! Yes, they rest on their belly and glide across smooth surfaces, pushing themselves with the help of their legs and fins. This behavior is called tobogganing, and its primary purpose it is to save energy.

Penguins are usually diurnal, but they can perform some activities during the night.

Penguins are usually diurnal, but they can perform some activities during the night. Recent research indicates that the sun guides them to reach their colonies after spending several weeks or months at sea. Depending on the position of the sun, somehow they know where to swim to find their colonies on the shore. When reaching land, sometimes they arrive in a surprising way, taking momentum underwater and making a high jump quickly to the coast, where sometimes they slip, and walk away.

As you know, penguins cannot breathe underwater, so they have to reach the surface to get air. When traveling, they jump out of the water while moving forward; an activity called porpoising, a maneuver similar to the one made by porpoises and dolphins for the same reason. Penguin smaller species usually do it when they need to travel faster and reduce the energy expenditure consumed when swimming at high speed because the air exerts less resistance on their bodies than water. Larger penguin species do not do it often; King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) almost never do it and the emperor penguin never.

Penguins are not aggressive animals either with other animals or humans; Scientists presume that this behavior is due to the low number of predators in their natural habitat. However, crested penguins show a more temperamental behavior, as they engage in fights more frequent than other species. The Erect-crested Penguin (Eudyptes sclateri) is a good example of this: when the males leave their partner and the nest looking for food, males without nest or not breeding, attack incubating females, who are virtually defenseless. Sometimes they have no choice but retreat and watch their eggs destroyed.

Some species are highly territorial and will defend their nest vigorously, as the Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis Papua). Many individuals can become involved in disputes over territory in the nesting areas. It has been observed African penguin males ( Spheniscus demersus) chasing others while vigorously waving the wings until they catch the victim and aggressively stroke them with their beaks. However, among all, probably the chinstrap penguin is the most aggressive, and it is more likely that they engage in fights than other species, contrasting with the peaceful emperor penguin.

All penguins frequently groom their plumage to remove parasites and keep it healthy.

Another peculiar behavior occurs in colonies of the species that belong to the gender Spheniscus. Sometimes couples or two individuals with no intention to reproduce move in a way that seems to be dancing the tango, and then flick their beaks against each other, like swords; his usually happens for two reasons: to establish social order and as a prelude to mating.

All penguins frequently groom their plumage to remove parasites and keep it healthy. This activity is crucial for them because their plumage under optimal conditions insulates them from the cold and icy water preventing a lethal drop in their body temperature. A gland next to the base of their tail produces a specialized oil. When penguins pass their beaks around that area, they spread the oil throughout their feathers, keeping them healthy.

Grooming behavior varies among species, while some species take care of their plumage by themselves, others, like the African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), primp their peers and even use their legs for that.
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin#Behaviour

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/behavior

http://animaldiversity.org/search/?q=penguins&feature=INFORMATION

http://www.defenders.org/penguins/basic-facts

http://www.arkive.org/
BioExpedition Publishing © 2017.

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Their funny gait causes smiles, and their extreme ability to swim, astonishment and admiration. While they have many characteristics similar to other seabirds such as the need to nest in large colonies, there are other fascinating facts about their behavior both on land and in water.

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Height Of a Penguin

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Sila berikan pendapat anda tentang abstrak ^.^

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Cetakan Lino , tingkatan 2 arif , smk arshad kota belud

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Antartica, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and several islands.

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Not all penguin chicks look the same. They have different sizes and plumage color depending on the species.

The Emperor Penguin chicks are born completely covered with gray plumage, which they lost as they grow to get the counter shade black and white plumage which most of us know.

Baby penguins have different sizes and physical characteristics depending on the species and their natural habitat. Baby penguins born completely covered with gray, white or brown plumage, which changes as they grow to get the counter shade black and white plumage which most of us know. They switch to the typical adult plumage when they are about one year old.

See images below of:

- Humboldt Penguin Chicks

- Emperor Penguin Chicks.

Emperor Penguin Chicks The penguins were flown to the U.S. from McMurdo Station on Ross Island in Antarctica, to be part of a National Science Foundation study. Location: San Diego, California (USA) Courtesy of Jose Lopez, Jr. US Air Force

Chick of a Humboldt Penguin Image courtesy of Planetavivo.org

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What are Baby Penguins Like? - Penguin Facts and Information

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Not all penguin chicks look the same. They have different sizes and plumage color depending on the species. The Emperor Penguin chicks are born completely covered with gray plumage, which they lost as they grow to get the counter shade black and white plumage which most of us know.