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https://plantae.org/research/the-plant-cell/

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Plant Cells, Chloroplasts, Cell Walls | Learn Science at Scitable

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Plant cells have some specialized properties that make them distinct from animal cells. Learn how special structures, such as chloroplasts and cell walls, create this distinction.

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http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/176/1/80

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plant cell, the basic unit of all plants. Plant cells, like animal cells, are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. The following is a brief survey of some of the major characteristics of plant cells. For a more in-depth discussion of cells, see cell.

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane. Although often perceived as an inactive product serving mainly mechanical and structural purposes, the cell wall actually has a multitude of functions upon which plant life depends. Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, which sets them apart from other organisms with cell walls, such as bacteria (peptidoglycan) and fungi ( chitin). Algal cell walls are similar to those of plants, and many contain specific polysaccharides that are useful for taxonomy.

Plant cells can be distinguished from most other cells by the presence of chloroplasts, which are also found in certain algae. A chloroplast is a type of plastid (a saclike organelle with a double membrane) that serves as the site of photosynthesis, the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy. In plants, these essential organelles occur in all green tissues, though they are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of leaves.

Another important characteristic of many plant cells is the presence of one or more large vacuoles. Vacuoles are storage organelles, and those in plant cells enable them to attain a large size without accumulating the bulk that would make metabolism difficult. Within the vacuole is the cell sap, a water solution of salts and sugars kept at high concentration by the active transport of ions through the vacuole membrane. Proton pumps also maintain high concentrations of protons in the vacuole interior. These high concentrations cause the entry, via osmosis, of water into the vacuole, which in turn expands the vacuole and generates a hydrostatic pressure, called turgor, that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. Turgor is the cause of rigidity in living plant tissue. In a mature plant cell, as much as 90 percent of cell volume may be taken up by a single vacuole; immature cells typically contain several smaller vacuoles.

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Plant cell | Definition, Characteristics, & Diagram

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Plant cell, the basic unit of all plants. Plant cells, like animal cells, are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Their characteristic cell wall is composed of cellulose, and they contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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(these are all different pictures)

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MAX PAINTING

Kassidy / Angelina Tavares: are drawing

STELLA WRITING LABELS ECT

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Max: Paint / paint brushes
Angelina: Pom Poms Maybe?
Kassidy: Ruler
Stella: Board for drawing poster board.
Report: Stella and Angelina

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https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/articles/zrh8jty

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It is a commonly known fact that plants are a highly eukaryotic organism. Their cells are membrane-bound and possess many cell organelles. Cytoplasm and other organelles are very typical cell parts. Many scientific studies have been carried out in order to gain knowledge about various aspects of plants cell parts. Like every mechanical machine, which has dedicated parts for specific functions, plant cell parts also have highly specific and dedicated functions.

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It is a commonly known fact that plants are a highly eukaryotic organism. Their cells are membrane-bound and possess many cell organelles. Cytoplasm and other organelles are very typical cell parts. Many scientific studies have been carried out in order to gain knowledge about various aspects of plants cell parts.

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https://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

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https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/

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There are three major classes of plant cells that can then differentiate to form the tissue structures of roots, stems, and leaves. (The three distinct types of plant cells are classified according to the structure of their cell walls and features of their protoplast.

Plants will have a primary cell wall and sometimes a secondary wall as well.

These two major parts are what determines the function of each individual plant cell.) The tissue types are: Dermal tissue - the outer most covering of a plant;

Vascular tissue - Responsible for transport of materials throughout the plant;

Ground tissue - Performs photosynthesis, starch storage and structural support.

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botany; endangered plants; genetics; seeds; pests and parasites; molecular biology

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There are three major classes of plant cells that can then differentiate to form the tissue structures of roots, stems, and leaves. (The three distinct types of plant cells are classified according to the structure of their cell walls and features of their protoplast.

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https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/

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About the plant cell

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956

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https://goo.gl/images/JMXkEJ

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https://freeonlinetutoring.edublogs.org/2015/06/29/10-amazing-facts-about-plant-cells/

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List of Organelles (Made by Angelina Tavares)

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List of Organelles (Made by Angelina Tavares)

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* Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. They are collected inside the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell.
*Chromoplasts: center for photosynthesis (yellow, red, orange pigments)
*Mitochondria: Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes.
*Vesicles: A small structure made of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials through the cell.
*Microtubule: part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell
*Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle.

*Vacuoles:

Store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells it also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell.

*Flagella: Whip-like appendage that extends from the bell body; used for movement or for sensing the environment
*Cytoplasm: Part of the cell that is outside the nucleus; contains organelles and provides the perfect environment for chemical reactions to take place
*Cell Membrane: Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
*Nucleoid: large loop of DNA found in prokaryotes-coding for MOST genes
*Chromatin/Chromosomes: plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function.
*Centriole: Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cels only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubules in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. Inherited from your father.
*Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
*Peroxisomes: Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell
*Chloroplast: Use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Found in plant cells and some protists. They reflect green light while absorbing all other colors. *contain DNA
*Nucleolus: This produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus
*Nucleus: DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is also made here; surrounded by a membrane; controls all cell activites
*Ribosome:Assembles proteins; free ribosomes make proteins that will stay in the cell. Attached ribosomes (attached to the ER) make proteins that will be transported out of the cell.
*Cilia: Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.
*Cell Wall: Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria.
*Lysosome:Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell
*Cytoskeleton: Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally.
Made of microfilaments and microtubules. (protein strands)

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http://www.plantcell.org/

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Plant Cell Definition

Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. Animals, fungi, and protists also have eukaryotic cells, while bacteria and archaea have simpler prokaryotic cells. Plant cells are differentiated from the cells of other organisms by their cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole.

Functions of Plant Cells

Plant cells are the basic building block of plant life, and they carry out all of the functions necessary for survival. Photosynthesis, the making of food from light energy, carbon dioxide, and water, occurs in the chloroplasts of the cell. The energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria. There are five types of plant cells, each with different functions:

Parenchyma cells are the majority of cells in a plant. They are found in leaves and carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration, along with other metabolic processes. They also store substances like starches and proteins and have a role in plant wound repair.

Collenchyma cells provide support to growing parts of a plant. They are elongated, have thick cell walls, and can grow and change shape as a plant grows.

Sclerenchyma cells are hard cells that are the main supporting cells in the areas of a plant that have ceased growing. Sclerenchyma cells are dead and have very thick cell walls.

Xylem cells transport mostly water and a few nutrients throughout a plant, from the roots to the stem and leaves.

Phloem cells transport nutrients made during photosynthesis to all parts of a plant. They transport sap, which is a watery solution high in sugars.

Plant Cell Structure

The plant cell has many different parts. Each part of the cell has a specialized function. These structures are called organelles.

This diagram shows the various parts of a plant cell. Specialized structures in plant cells include chloroplasts, a large vacuole, and the cell wall.

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are found only in plant and algae cells. These organelles carry out the process of photosynthesis, which turns water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into nutrients. They are oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane, which forms the external surface of the chloroplast, and an inner membrane that lies just beneath. Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers wide. Within the other membrane, there is another space called the stroma, which is where chloroplasts are contained.
Chloroplasts themselves contain many flattened disks called thylakoids, and these have a high concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids, which capture light energy. The molecule chlorophyll also gives plants their green color. Thylakoids are stacked on top of one another in vascular plants in stacks called grana.

Vacuoles

Plant cells are unique in that they have a large central vacuole. A vacuole is a small sphere of membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other molecules. Vacuoles are basically large vesicles. They can be found in the cells of many different organisms, but plant cells characteristically have a large vacuole that can take up anywhere from 30-80 percent of the cell.

The central vacuole of a plant cell helps maintain its turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the contents of the cell pushing against the cell wall. A plant thrives best when its cells have high turgidity, and this occurs when the central vacuole is full of water. If turgor pressure in the plants decreases, the plants begin to wilt. Plant cells fare best in hypotonic solutions, where there is more water in the environment than in the cell; under these conditions, water rushes into the cell by osmosis, and turgidity is high. Animal cells, on the other hand, can lyse if too much water rushes in; they fare better in isotonic solutions, where the concentration of solutes in the cell and in the environment is equal and net movement of water in and out of the cell is the same.

Cell Wall

The cell wall is a tough layer found on the outside of the plant cell that gives it strength and also maintains high turgidity. In plants, the cell wall contains mainly cellulose, along with other molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and liginins. The composition of the plant cell wall differentiates it from the cell walls of other organisms. For example, fungi cell walls contain chitin, and bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, and these substances are not found in plants. A main difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not. Plant cells have a primary cell wall, which is a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell, and a secondary cell wall, a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature.

Other Organelles

Plant cells have many other organelles that are essentially the same as organelles in other types of eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells. The nucleus contains a cell's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), its genetic material. DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which controls all of the body's activities. The nucleus also regulates the growth and division of the cell. Proteins are synthesized in ribosomes, modified in the endoplasmic reticulum, and folded, sorted, and packaged into vesicles in the Golgi apparatus.

Mitochondria are also found in plant cells. They produce ATP through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis in the chloroplasts provides the nutrients that mitochondria break down for use in cellular respiration. Interestingly, both chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to have formed from bacteria being engulfed by other cells in an endosymbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship, and they did so independently of each other.

Cytosol is the liquid contained within cells. It is mostly made of water, and also contains ions like potassium, proteins, and small molecules. Cytosol and all the organelles within it, except for the nucleus, are called the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It has many functions; it gives the cell shape, provides strength, stabilizes tissues, anchors organelles within the cell, and has a role in cell signaling. The cell membrane, a double phospholipid layer, surrounds the entire cell.

Eukaryotic cell - A relatively large cell with a true nucleus and organelles.

Prokaryotic cell - A relatively small cell with no true nucleus and no organelles except for ribosomes.

Thylakoid - A flattened disk inside the chloroplast that contains chlorophyll and is where photosynthesis takes place.

Cell wall - A cellulose-containing layer that surrounds a plant cell.

Quiz

1. Which of these are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?
A. Central vacuole
B. Chloroplasts
C. Cell wall
D. All of the above

2. What molecule is mainly found in plant cell walls, but not in the cell walls of other organisms?
A. Cellulose
B. Chitin
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Phospholipid

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Plant Cell - Definition, Functions and Structure | Biology Dictionary

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Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. Animals, fungi, and protists also have eukaryotic cells, while bacteria and archaea have simpler prokaryotic cells.