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Theoretical Perspective Universal Grammar  

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Theoretical Perspective Universal Grammar  

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By Enrique Bonilla

The theory that I will use is   Universal Grammar  . It was developed by Noam Chomsky, and it was used to study  how humans develop the language . This theory indicates that   children have in their brain a biological and innate conditions that allow the evolution of language  . As applied to my topic, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable  as use of grammatical categories,  combination of this categories     to influence or explain the dependent variable, construction of sentences.  because as there is a progressive relation of the kind of categories, there is a secuens in that follows that order of learning the grammatical categories.

-Rosamond Mitchell, Florence Myles, Emma Marsden, Second Language Learning Theories, 2012, London

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By Leonardo Sierra
The theory that I will use is the implications of grammar translation method.  It was developed by Karl Plötz and Johann Seidenstücker, and it a method to teach a second language, however, it has some effects that could be considered as pros or cons of this method of teaching English. (Aqel, 2013) This theory lead us to a question, shall the teachers use only second language or both native language and second language (i.e. translation) within classrooms' setting? (Aqel, 2013).

For this situation, the important aspects of the Grammar Translation Method are: the native language is used to teach second language which emerges by some exercises,  the meanings of difficult words are given in the list form, the teacher explicates grammar points and exceptions that students might face, the rules present the right forms and their influences in words, starting with reading literary texts, also, the students apply the grammatical rules on the read texts, translation a variety of sentences to the first language, finally, a little concentration on communication activities.

The main attention is placed on reading, translation, and grammatical rules with a notable ignoring to the pronunciation. (Aqel, 2013)

For this fact, some people has found some cons in this method of teaching languages as it is Grammar Translation Method, which had been seen and used as a classical method for language learning and it had negative side effects such as decreasing learner autonomy and motivation. (ÖLÇER, 2017)

As applied to my topic, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variables: autonomy and motivation in the students to influence or explain the dependent variables verbal agility, acquisition of student’s vocabulary, because, lot of studies have been conducted in which they showed different results as to whether translation helps second language (L2) students improve their language skills or not. Some teachers consider using first language (L1) within L2 classroom setting causes a huge harm on acquiring L2 while others recommend teachers to use it (Aqel, 2013).

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CALLA Approach to improve students outcomes in Science

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CALLA Approach to improve students outcomes in Science

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By César Rodríguez Jurado

Theoretical Perspective: CALLA Approach to improve students outcomes in Science

The theory that I will use is the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA), which, at a time, is based on Content Based Instruction approach (CBI). It was developed by Anna Uhl Chamot and J. Michael O’Malley, in earlies 90s, and it was used to study the learning processes of second and foreign language learners, based on cognitive theory and research, in which, contents, instructions, academic language and learning strategies are integrated or blended to accomplish some specific goals of knowledge in academic tasks developed by curriculum at school.

This theory indicates that it is possible to consolidate learning and to acquire knowledge by developing certain language skills, through cooperative work, as a result of prior knowledge. Moreover, teacher are invited to increase students’ motivation and self-confidence in their abilities in order to make them be successful at school, using widely, all tools, and available materials and resources to reach their goals. As applied to my topic, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable(s)  age, and gender of teachers to implement, not only available technological resources  but also, up to date  available technological tools (ICTS) such as, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) in the processes of learning into the classroom, to influence or explain the dependent variable concerning the second and third grade students’ scores science tests, and how often students can carry out Science projects. As it was mentioned before, CALLA pursues some strategic goals related to the emotional effectiveness to respond to specific necessities that can be solved through the application of learning strategies for contents and motivation.  It is concluded that if teachers can increase their motivation for the use of ICTS tools into the classroom, it is possible for students to get involved and motivated, so that they can get high scores in Science tests, as well as, carry out science projects easily and usefully.

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By Ismael Ochoa

The theory I will use is the audio lingual method, which was developed in the United States in the year 1950 to 1965, based on BEHAVIORIST psychology by Skinner and the structuralist or distributionalist linguistics of Blomfiel. In it, spoken language (oral expression and hearing) is given priority as a sound system used for social communication. The linguistic correction is sought and it is treated that the individual learns the new vocabulary by association of the spoken word and the visual image, fundamentally through repetition. It emphasizes mechanical exercises and imitation of native patterns for which advanced technological means (audio-recorders, recorders) and a well-detailed study guide are used to model all the possible situations where the individual must use the language to serve as example; all this in order to achieve a model as accurate as possible.

As it applies to my subject, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variables memorization, imitation and repetition to influence or explain the dependent variables vocabulary, pronunciation, comprehension because these depend on the greater the greater practice they will achieve internalize the words and understand and produce the language. Having a better knowledge of this method will allow teachers to be more effective when applying it in classrooms, thus determining the best conditions and activities that yield the best results.

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Ismael Antonio Ochoa Villalba

551031A_474 -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Re: Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research

de ISMAEL ANTONIO OCHOA - sábado, 6 de octubre de 2018, 13:34

Good afternoon partner, according to the guide of collaborative work should choose a topic of interest applying the method of quantitative research, which must be taken into account the bibliographical references where they describe the variables to be taken into account in this class of methods of information gathering. After that, you should analyze the different possible variables that exist in your chosen topic and check if they are dependent or independent, that is, an independent variable is the one that can be modified, for example, if the level of growth of a plant exposed to the sun is being investigated. , we can modify the degree of solar exposure, in this case this would be an independent variable, in contrast the level of growth of the plant would be a variable dependent on the previous varible taking into account that the more solar exposure has possibly its growth will be higher . Having clear the above, you should review the variables of the chosen topic and verify which are dependent and independent according to the method of quantitative research.

Remember that in a quantitative method we review variables that can be measured, for example, the number of centimeters the plant grew, for each method the variables and the way of collecting them are taken into account, which is contained in the bibliography.

I hope you have been able to guide, support yourself in the format.

551031A_474 -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Re: Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research

de ISMAEL ANTONIO OCHOA - lunes, 8 de octubre de 2018, 21:15

Good evening Jesus, I read your contribution and I think you need to expand the introduction as to the explanation of the theory, since this allows the reader to have a better knowledge of the subject of study and what you pose is too shallow. Regarding the identification of the variables that you expose, I am in doubt as to how they could be measured, taking into account that they should be for a quantitative investigation, I would like you to solve this doubt.

551031A_474 -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Re: Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research

de ISMAEL ANTONIO OCHOA - jueves, 11 de octubre de 2018, 21:34

Good evening Comrade Cesar I see that you did a good job, you see the effort and dedication that you used in this work, it seems very complete and it is very well explained the variables studied. The only thing that needs to change are the corrections made by the tutor that are very small and is ready to upload to the padlet.

The link to enter is:

https://padlet.com/isma2280ster/8a0qqk15kai

551031A_474 -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research -> Re: Unit 2: Task 2 - Quantitative Research

de ISMAEL ANTONIO OCHOA - lunes, 15 de octubre de 2018, 21:32

Thank you very much Leonardo for your comments and contribution, tomorrow I will upload the final work in the monitoring and evaluation environment. The other partners that are missing to increase their contribution to the padlet please do it as soon as possible, tomorrow the activity is closed.

The link to enter is:

https://padlet.com/isma2280ster/8a0qqk15kai