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Failure of peace keeping efforts(4B 15 Lui Wing Ka )

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(4B 15 Lui Wing Ka )

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Both WWI and WWII during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation. In WWI,there were a few conferences held to keep peace.First, the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907 were to avoid war through disarmament .However,the conferences fail and even intensify the arms race and the powers became more suspicious of each other. Second,the Algeciras conference in 1905 aimed to settle conflict between Germany and France in the first Moroccan Crisis . But it also failed to stem the discontent of Germany ,which realised that it was the target of hostility from many European countries . Therefore , Germany started strengthening the military constructions.

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Aspect3
In the aspect of participants, most of 2 wars’ participants were same . In the First World War the main participants were Britain ,France,Russia,Germany,Austria,Italy;while the main participants in the Second World War were Britain , France, Russia,Germany,Austria,Italy,the US. This mean that the main participants of the 2 World War main participants were same,the US .As the result ,the Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War as and meaning of ‘rehearsal ‘is referring same group of people doing same things more than 1 time while the main participants were same in 2 War . This mean tthe Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War.
Besides,the US and Russia had changed their side during the 2 war. About the US,she joined the First World War in April 1917 due to the sinking of Lusitania as Germany started the unrestricted submarine warfare and she joined the Second World War in 1942 as Japan suddenly attacked her naval at Pearl Harbor.About Russia ,she withdrew the First World War form eastern front in November 1917 due to the October Revolution ; she joined the Second World War as Germany suddenly attacked her.This mean the US and Russia suddenly changed their side during the war . ‘rehearsal ‘is to refer people doing same thing to gain experience. In the First World War ,the US and Russia learned that they would suffer less losses and get more benefits if they did not join the war immediately when the war started but joined the war when they faced direct attack form the participants of the war.
Also ,there were similar aillies.In the First World War ,the Triple Alliance was formed by Germany ,Austria and Italy. In the Second World War , the Axis power was formed by Germany which united with Austria and formed Anschluss , Japan and Italy. Both Axis power and Triple Alliance increased mistrust and suspicions among European countries. This mean the Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War as Frist World War was a rehearsal of Germany and Germany was confident to win the Second World War to humiliate the victory of the First World War and get back lost glory after gaining experience from the First World War.As the result ,the Second World War must broke after the First World War as Germany was a aggressive dominater.
Cheng Wing Yan Elizabeth 4C(1)

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The problems left by the First World War during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the Second World War during the period 1914-1918.The first problem would begin with the impact of Paris Peace Settlement. It led to the rise of totalitarianism,Facism in Italy and Nazism in Germany,which were the major aggessor of Europe.
About the rise of Facism,Italy didn‘t get the two promised land,Dalmatia and Port Fiume but only gained two useless land at Paris Peace Conference.As a result,the Iltalian they were subsequently very discontented with Paris Peace Conference.This caused Italian were disappointed with the weakness of the democratic government.So Mussonili took a advantage of the revengeful feeling by demonstrating a strong leadership and pledging the revival of national glory. Facist Party seek the power.
For the rise of Nazism,it due to the harsh treaty terms of Treaty of Versailles.For example,Germany had to pay £6.6 billion indemnity,reduced the armies to 100,000.This terms made Germany had no military power to protect themselves and unable to recover. economy.Beside,they didn’t have the right of national self determination  since they failed to got Sudetenland.These aroused among the Germans a sense of great humiliation and strong desire of revenge.Therefore, Hitler to power by promising restored the economy and national glory.
Paris Peace Conference as a post-war settlement,should bring peace to Europe but the harsh treaty terms and the inappropriate territorial settlement only rise the revengeful feeling among Italy and Germany.It provided favourable conditions for the Nazism and Fasism to rise and gave them a good excuse to wage war in the future.

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In terms of the reason that led to the break-out of war, both WWI and WWII broke out due to extreme nationalism.

Extreme nationalism suggested that their race was more superior than the others.

Before WWI, in the Franco-Prussian War, France was defeated and suffered from huge loss. Extreme nationalism encouraged France to revenge that France later started French Revengeful Movement. Relationship between France and Germany was further worsened, this led to the formation of Alliance system which divided Europe into 2 rival camps and the powers were no longer willing to settle disputes through peaceful means. Local conflicts would then easily develop into world war.
Extreme Nationalism also encouraged Germany and Russia to start Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism. Competition between Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism for the Balkans led to Sarajevo Assassination. The assassination was the direct case of the WWI.
Therefore,WWI broke out because of extreme nationalism.

After WWI, there was the rise of totalitarianism, for examples, Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy. The totalitarian states aimed to gain back national glory through wars. This led to the aggression of them. When Hitler attacked Poland, WWII started. This showed that the rise of totalitarianism was the cause of WWII. While extreme natinalism caused the rise of totalitarianism, WWII broke out due to extreme nationalism.

Before WWI, Germany promoted Pan-Germanism. This showed that Germany had the strong desire to create ‘Greater Germany’ which meant she wanted to rule world. She believed the only way was to start wars. Therefore we could predict that Germany would start wars sooner or later.
The Sarajevo Assassination directly led to the break-out of WWI. In the incident, although Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary, she had tried to avoid war by asking France and Russia to demobilise. This showed that Germany didn’t want to start war at that moment.

WWI was a rehearsal of WWII because Germany was forced to start WWI while she started WWII with purpose. The break-out of WWI was not in German plan at first but WWII had always been on her plan.

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Aspect 2 Participants
In terms of the participating country, the countries that participated and initiated the two wars were similar.Rehearsal means a practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance.

Firstly, Europe was divided into 2 opposing camps which were Central Powers and Allies in WWI.Austria-Hungary,Germany,Ottoman Empireand Bulgaria were the major powers of Central Powers while Britain and France were the major powers of Allies.The US was later joined the Allies in 1915.

Second,Europe was also divided into two opposing camps in WWII which were the Axis Powers and the Allies.This time, Germany, Italy and Japan were the major powers of the Axis Powers.Britain, France were still the major powers of the Allies.The USSR and China were newly joined in the Allies in the WWII.The USA was also later joined the war in 1941.

In both WWI and WWII, Germany was the one who stared the war.In WWI,Germany formed the Alliance system to isolate France which made France wanted to revenge.Also,Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary and then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia because of the Sarajevo Assassination.WWI broke out.In WWII, Nazi Germany attacked Poland and started WWII.In my opinion,Germany was the great aggressors in the two world wars.In WWI,Germany was trying to check the power of the European countries.However, she was defeated in WWI. Then, it led to the rise of Nazism to make Germany be stronger. After Germany become stronger, she gained confidence to attack the whole Europe.As a result, she started another world war again.Therefore, the WWI became a rehearsal of Germany to see the powers of those countries and then to start another expanding war.

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The problems left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945. Firstly, After the wwI, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles and accepted a number of terms. First ,Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France and ceded territories to Poland, Denmark, Belgium and Lithuania. Second, Saar was to be governed by the League of Nations for 15 years, and it’s coalfi was to be ceded to France. Also, Germany needed to bear the sole responsibility for having caused the WWI. She needed to pay 6.6 billion. Germany think that those terms is too harsh to her. And she think that all the indemnity should bear by all the defeated countries but not only her to bear the huge indemnity. So she felt that it is not fair to her. Therefore, she had the revengeful feeling and trigger the WWII. Germany thought that the lose in WWI is just a miscalculation. She thought that if she prepare again for another war successfully, she may get success. And this make she did the aggression in WWII. Therefore, the war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.
Secondly, collapse of traditional empires led to the WWII. Before the WWI, there was still balance of power in Europe. Some traditional empires collapsed due to the territorial arrangements made at the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles turns the large German Empire into a divided nation. Four traditional empires were broken up. They were German empire, Austria-Hungary empire, Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire. This led to the power vacuum in Europe and led to the WWII. The four traditional empires may want to do the aggressive action to rebuild their empires. It’s mean that there would be another war later because of their aggressive actions. So the WWI is the rehearsal of WWII.
Thirdly, the establishment of new nation states led to the WWII too. Under the principle of national self-determination, the ethnic minorities in the former empires created their own nation stats. As a result, Finland and Yugoslavia were founded. However, these newly founded nations were not strong enough to protect themselves, and they became easy target of invasion by Hitler in the 1930. Therefore, the new nation states trigger the WWII. The new nation states are too weak and many countries want to defeat it. It mean that

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Tang Hang Yi Hidy 4C(14) Both WWI and WWII broke out due to the failure of peace keeping efforts.

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Tang Hang Yi Hidy 4C(14) Both WWI and WWII broke out due to the failure of peace keeping efforts.

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First, the Powers failed in disarmament in both WWI and WWII. Therefore, the WWI is a rehearsal of WWII because the peace keeping efforts of both wars failed to disarm and encouraged aggression.
Before WWI, they held 2 Hague Conferences aiming at avoiding war through disarmament. However, the Powers feared that disarmament would make them become the targets for invasion, so no one wanted to disarm first. The Hague Conferences failed to achieve its aim and made the Powers become more suspicious of each other. Since no one wanted to be weakened, they even continue to expand their military force. Arms race was then intensified and the Powers would have enough power to start the WWI. This encouraged Germany to start the war.
Before WWII, the Collective Security failed. It includes the failure of the League of Nations, the Treaties and the Disarmament Conferences. The problems of the League of Nations were lack of representation, weak military force and ineffective mechanism. These problems made the League could not contain the aggressors and encouraged aggression. For the treaties, Locarno Pact and Kellogg-Briand Pact, did not state the punishment for the violators. Also, the Locarno Pact provided the reason “legitimate self-defence” for the aggressors to expand. These also encouraged aggression. For the Disarmament Conferences, the Washington Conference, London Naval Conference and Geneva Conference fixed the ratio of naval power of the countries. However, the Powers resumed their naval race shortly after the Washington Conference ,and the London Naval Conference allowed the Powers to expand for security reasons. This encouraged aggression. In the Geneva Conference, it even allowed Germany to rearm itself. This led to the increase of military power of Germany. Germany then started the WWII. Same with The Hague Conferences, the failure of disarmament conferenes intensified arms race as it failed to disarm, made Germany to further expand and start the aggression. In addition, The Hague Conference, the Treaties and the disarmament conferences increased the fear and suspicion between the Powers and tensed the relationship between the countries. They encouraged aggression.Therefore, the WWI was a rehearsal of WWII since both of the peace keeping efforts brought the same effect which led to the outbreak of the war.

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Aspect 1 (Similar reasons to 2World war) Cho(4c26)

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Aspect 1 (Similar reasons to 2World war) Cho(4c26)

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There are similar reasons that initiated the 2 wars were similar.
First of all, both wars were caused by the extreme nationalism. In the First World War , France wanted to restore national glory after losing the Franco-Prussian war, it caused the revengeful Movement of France. Also, Germany and Austria-Hungary promoted “pan -Germanism” while Russia promoted “pan-slavism” and Russia supported Serbia to create a “Greater Serbian State “ in the  Balkans. Due to the extreme nationalism , the powers wanted to expand themselves in order to get national glory. They had the conflicts in the Balkan and lead to the First World War later.After the Sarajevo Assassination, Germany gave unlimited support to Austria, this turns a local war into a world war. In the Second World War ,the war is also caused by the extreme nationalism. Germany did not learn from their history, instead of change their mistakes , they chose to create another extreme nationalism—Nazism. But in this time, they thought they were more superior than others. They even wanted to kill all Jews. The Second World War is like the “advancement” of the First World War.So, it showed that the First World War is a rehearsal of the Second World War. The First World War gave Germany a chance to prepare themselves, the the Second World War was the real war .

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Both wars during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation. Before the First World War, there were several conferences which were aimed to keep peace. The Algeciras Conference and Treaty of Fez were attempted to settle the first and second Moroccan Crisis respectively.
In the Algeciras Conference, Germany found that the only supporter was Austria-Hungary. Also, Morocco became the French sphere of influence. As a result, Germany became more determined to strengthen its military power and other Powers followed suit. It intensified the arms race.
In Treaty of Fez, Morocco officially became the French protectorate. It further worsened the relationship between Britain and France.                                                       These two conferences were aimed to settle the problem between France and Germany, but the result was it further worsened the relationship between them.         Before the Second World War, there were also many conferences.
There were two international agreements: Locarno Pact and Kellogg-Braind Pact. In Locarno Pact, the Powers agreed to settle their disputes through peaceful means instead of wars, but they could use ‘legitimate self-defence’ to expand. It could not check Hitler’s desire to expand as well. In Kellogg-Briand Pact, there neither binding terms nor concrete punishments for aggressors.
Ther were three disarmament conferences: Washington Conference, London Naval Conference and Geneva Conference. In Washington Conference, it only fixed the ratio of capital ships and aircraft carriers, but no agreement on other warships. Also, it didn’t state how to punish the violators. The London Naval Conference was the same as they could expand for security reasons. The Geneva Conference also failed as Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.
All the settlement were aimed to keep peace. Before WWI, the two conferences were attempted to settle the two Moroccan Crisis. But it finally fail. Before WWII, all the conferences were aimed to stop the agression.

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Both wars during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of peace keeping efforts of international mediation.

Firstly, the failure of Hague Conferences were the one cause of the failure of peace keeping efforts. The Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907 urged Europe to establish the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The powers also agreed not to start a war without warning and promised to respect human lives, personal property and religion beliefs during wartime. However, as the European powers feared that disarmament would make them become the targets for invasion, no one wanted to disarm first. So the conferences failed to achieve its basic aim of disarmament.

Second, the Algeciras Conference in 1906 was the other one cause that led to the failure of peace keeping efforts between the European powers. It attempted to settle the first Moroccan Crisis of 1905 when Germany and France competed over Morocco.Western powers held a conference in Algeciras in Spain. Among the participating countries, Germany found that its only supporter was Austria-Hungary. Germany subsequently felt isolated. Although Morocco did not become a French colony, it came under the French sphere of influence. Germany, which realised that it was the target of hostility from many European countries. As a result, Germany became even more determined to strengthen its military power after 1905. Other Powers followed suit. Arms race was intensified. The conference was failed and unable to keep peace among the European powers.

Thirdly, the signing of the Treaty of Fez in 1911 was also the cause led to the failure of peace keeping efforts. France sent troops to Morocco when civil unrest broke out in 1911. Germany reacted by sending gunboats to express its discontent. The crisis was resolved as Germany made concession when Britain threatened war on Germany. After the signing of the Treaty of Fez by Germany and France in the same year, Morocco officially became a French protectorate. However, Germany’s relations with Britain and France further worsened.

Fourth, the signing of Treaty of Versailles in Paris Peace Conference led to the Failure of peace keeping efforts.

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Both WWI and WWII broke out due to similar reasons (Extreme Nationalism),the war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.
Extreme nationalism referred to absolute loyalty to the states and call for foreign expansion in order that their states might gain national glory.
For WWI,France desired to take revenge on Germany after she was defeated in       France-Prussian War in order to get back lost land and gain national glory which cause France revenageful movement ,this lead to Alliance system and a local conflict may develop into world war easily.
Also,because of extreme nationalism(sense of identity),Germany and Austria-Hungary promoted “Pan-Germanism”while Russia promoted “Pan-Slavism”, Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russian supported Serbia to expand to the same place,Balkan Peninsula.This caused Balkan Wars and Sarajevo Assassination which lead to the outbreak of WWI.
For WWII,the idea of extreme nationalism lead to the rise of totalitarianism which is a political ideology whereby the government dominates all political,social and economic activities in a nation.This caused the rise of fascism in Italy , rise of Nazism in Germany and rise of Militarism in Japan which gave rise to foreign expansion of these three countries .They became aggressors and Initiated wars ,triggered WWII.
The above evidences showed that the First World War was a rehearsal of the Second War World as both wars were caused by similar reasons(extreme nationalism)that Germany wanted to test the power of others states.After the defeated in WWI,she understand

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Participant
The participants of wwI is almost the same as wwII,so wwI was rehearsal of wwII.First,common participants of both WW are Germany,France,Britain,Italy.In both of the ww,Russia and the US later joined.the Us and russia is late for the wwi,rehearsal means a time when all the people involved in a play practice in order to prepare for performance,if wwi was rehearsal of wwii,the us and russia would be late too in wwii.And after japan attack the naval base of the us,he us joined the war and it was the later period of the war,the USSR joined the war after Germany attack,and it was the later period of the war.they both were late in the wwii.
And Germany in both ww was the aggressor,in wwi,Germany gave unlimited support to Austria Hungary whom declared the sarajevo incident.Since Germany supported Austra hungary,Germany is the aggressor too.And in wwii,the nazism of germany rised and made many aggressive movements,Such as the invation of poland,czechosovakia.In both ww,germany was being the aggressor in both ww.In wwi,germany was the aggressor,if wwi was rehearsal of wwii,Germany would be the aggressor in wwii too.And Germanys nazism was the aggressor in wwII.Hitler annexed Austria in march 1938,rearmament of rhineland in 1936.Germany was the aggressor in both ww.

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Failure of peacekeeping effort (Nathan 4D 12)

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Failure of peacekeeping effort (Nathan 4D 12)

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The failure of peacekeeping effort in two world war was an important point and very similar to each other.
In WWI, the 2 Hague conferences failed to get a consense to disarm, then there was arm race. The Algeciras conference, which was to solve the problem of the first Moroccan crisis failed, it led to the arms race become more intense. In WWII, the 3 disarmament conferences (London naval conference, Washington conference and Geneva conference) failed. They led to the suspicion among the European powers and they started to rearm themselves then there was arms race. Locarno pact and Kellogg-Briand pact failed. There were no effective provisions to check Hitler’s desire for Lebensraum in the east.
In the both world war, the failure of peacekeeping efforts led to arms race, this is so coincidently similar. In World War One, there was an experience of rearming. By making use of the disarmament conferences, Germany could be rearm herself just like they did in the First World War. So I think World War One is the rehearsal of World War Two.

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Impact of WWI
The problem left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945.The war during 1914-1918 was  a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945 and eventually lead to the WWII.

First, WWI lead to the collapse of 4 traditional empire. Before the WWI,there was still balance of power in Europe.Some traditional empire collapsed due to the territorial arrangement made at Paris Peace Conference. As results, it lead to the power vacuum in Europe, no one was able to check aggression and encourage the aggressors to expand.

Second, WWI lead to the establishment of new nation state.Under the principle of self-determination,the ethnic minorities in the former empires created their own nation states such as Finland and Yugoslavia. They became easy target of Hilter’s invasion in the 1930s.

Third,WWI lead to the decline of Europe and rise of US and Japan. Since Germany, Austria and other European countries were strongly weaken after the First World War that they had to heavily rely on US economy. When Great Depression occurred, those European power faced a complete economic collapse which provide a flavourable situation for rise of Nazism, which encouraged Nazi Germany violation of Treaty of Versailles and its expansion. After Germany invaded Poland on September 1939, France and Britain declared war on Germany and caused the start of WWII.

Forth, WWI lead to Germany’s revengeful feeling. Since the Paris Peace Conference was too harsh to Germany, such as Germany had to pay huge indemnity and cede lands like Alsace-Lorraine.Therefore,Germany suffer from great humiliation and have a strong desire for revenge. As results, when there was rise of Nazism in Germany, Germany would like to have foreign expansion to seek back its national glory.

Germany was the first country to start both WWI and WWII. As both Austria Hungary and Germany support Pan-Germanism, Germany support Austria Hungary’s expansion to Serbia, therefore both world war started because of Germany’s foreign expansion and it was the rehearsal of WWII.

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Lui Wai Nok 4C27
Aspect1
The problem left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945.For example,the harsh treaty terms of Paris Peace Conference,the decline of Europe,rise of US and Japan ,collapse of 4
traditional empire and the creation of new states.Those led to the break of WWII

First, is the Paris Peace Conference.The Treaty of Versailles,which mainly decided by the “Big Three”-Britain,French and US,had signed after the WWI that led to the WWII.The harsh treaty terms damaged Germany seriously.On the economic aspects, Germany need to pay £6.6billion compensation to “Big three”. Furthermore, Alsace -Lorraine and Saar was returned and governed by French and The League of Nations for 15years respectively. Those damage the economy of Germany seriously.Because of the postwar period, the economy of Germany and other Powers were bad.Germany need to pay harsh compensation which was unaffordable to her. At the same time ,Alsace-Lorraine and Saar, which were a rich land of coal, were taken away. It intensified the economic problems of Germany and led to the revengeful feeling of Germans.I think it is a rehearsal of WWII, because of the revengeful feeling, it led to the rise of Nazism.Those provide a strong revengeful feeling to Germany for the character in WWII. The postwar period provide sufficient time for Germany build up a more strong revengeful feeling character than WWI to act a character that full of its feeling in WWI.

Second, is the decline of Europe.After the WWI,Britain and France was weak.The military powers were weak of them.Therefore there was no any Powers to check the aggressors. It led to power vacuum in Europe which encouraged the aggressors.For example the invasion of Abyssinia and the eastern-Europe by Italy and Germany because of the revengeful feeling after the WWI.This provide a chance of invasion to Italy and Germany .After invasion, they knew that the military powers of Britain and France were no enough to keep peace. It facilitates the invasion of aggressors and led to the WWII at last.This meant that it gives a chance for the aggressors to rehearsal that

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The problem left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945. First, by considering the resentment of Italy and Germany, the Paris Peace Settlement led to the rise of totalitarianism. After the WWI, Germany had to sign the harsh Treaty of Versailles.For example, Germany needed to pay 6.6 billion pounds of indemnity, ceded Saar for 15 years and disarm. She needed to bear all the war guilts. This not only weakened Germany but also humiliated Germany. Therefore, the Germans looked for a strong leader to recover the economy and take back the glory. This created favourable circumstance for Hitler to rise the power. This led to the rise of Nazism. On the other side, in Paris Peace Settlement, Italy failed to get the two promised lands, Dalmatia and Port Fiume. This made Italian nationalists felt humiliated and very angry about the Big Three. They looked for astrong  leader to restore national glory and so led to the rise of Fascism. The rise of the totalitarianism started the aggressions of Italy and Germany. These attacks led to the WWll. From these events, we could see that the WWll was like a drama and the WWl was it’s rehearsal, then the Paris Peace Settlement was like the script of the drama. It was the instruction to lead to the WWll by the rise of totalitarianism.
Besides, after WWI, there was creation of new nation states like Czechoslovakia and Poland. They became the future target of German attack. Also, there was fall of 4 tradional empires(Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire) which created a power vacuum of Europe. Therefore, there was not enough power to fight against to the aggressor and provided a way for the outbreak of the WWll. This showed the impact of WWl was like the “improvement” after the WWl, which was the rehearsal, to create the pathway for the presents of WWll. The WWl was just like the preparation for the WWll which provided many factors and backgrounds to lead to WWll.

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There are many similarities between WWI and WWII such as alliance system and extreme nationalism . Before the outbreak of WWI, since the Franco- German relations became really bad because of the Franco-Prussian War about competing Alsace- Lorraine. The whole Europe broke into two pieces— Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. The alliance system fuelled the suspicions and hostilities between this two rival camps. For example, Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia after Sarajevo Assassination since Austria- Hungary was a member of Triple Alliance. Due to the Triple Entente, Russia and France mobilized troops to support Serbia. To avoid the two front war , Germany attacked Belgium which led to the joining of Britain and finally led to WWI. In this incident, we could see that Germany was very aggressive and had ambition of owning the whole Europe. Therefore, after the period after WWI and Germany had alerady recovered the economy of her

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Both two world war had the same reason.First, both of them were caused by extreme nationalism. Before WWI,  Germany and Austria Hungary promoted Pan Germanism. And Russia promoted Pan Slavism. Those two extreme nationalism had led to the WWI. Because of the Pan Slavism, after the Sarajevo Assassination,   Russia supported Serbia. And Germany also give unlimited support to Austria Hungary because of the Pan Germanism. These developed the local conflict between Austria Hungary and Serbia into the world war one.
After WWI,  because of the Treaty of Versailes and the harsh punishment, it made Germany felt humiliated. And Italy also felt angry because they failed to get two promised land, Port Fiume and Dalmatia. Those factors made Germany and Italy have a revengeful feeling. It caused the rise of two extreme nationalsim, Nazism from Germany and Fascism from Italy. At the same time, because of the decline of Europe, militarianism from Japan also rised. Those three extreme nationalism powers formed Berlin Rome Tokyo Axis and became the future aggressors. It led to WWII.
It showed that both two world war were caused by the same reason, extreme nationalism. Pan Germanism in WWI and Nazism in were both led by Germany. And both of them had led to the world war. This was so coincidently similar. In WWI, there has a experience of extreme nationalism by Pan Germanism and Pan Fascism. And in WWII, there were extreme nationalism again. If WWI was the rehearsal of WWII, there would also be   extreme nationalism and they would led to the world war. It showed that WWI was the rehearsal of WWII.

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Also,similar reasons for two World War can show WWI was rehearsal of WWII too.Such as the alliance system is a good example of this.The alliance system in WWI was divided into 2 camps,Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.Which Germany led the Triple Alliance,Britain and France led the Triple Entente.And this two camps led to the war.In WWII,Germany,Japan and Italy formed the Axis Power to invade the world especially Europe.To avoid them,Britain and France led to form Central Power.Therefore,both World War have the similar reasons to start war which is alliance system.With the similar reason,I think WWI is the rehearsal of WWII.
An other reason,Extreme Nationalism is similar in two World War too.In WWI,Pan.Germanism and Pan.Slavism is one of the main reason led to WWI.Since these Extreme Nationalism,Germans and Slavs both wanted to expend.Therefore,this led Austria-Hungary and Serbia had conflicts.Which also led to the Sarajevo Assassination.This caused the War started since Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russia supported Serbia because of the Extreme Nationalism,which was leading to the WWI.Also,in WWII,the totalitarianism,which is Rise of Nazism,Fascism and Militarism,is also Extreme Nationalism.Which led the aggressions in Europe or North East China.It led to the WWII.Therefore,this reason show that WWI and WWII are similar.
At last,before WWI,the Franco Prussian War caused France had revengeful
feeling,which is National Glory.this caused France supported Russia and Serbia to fight Germany and led to WWI.And before WWII,Italy couldn’t get Port Fiume and Dalmantie.Therefore,Italy felt she was betrayed and had revengeful feeling.This cause Italy became aggressor and led to WWII.According to these similar reasons,WWI and WWII are similar,which is a rehearsal.

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Aspect 4
In terms of international mediation, both wars during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation.The war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.
Before WWI started, European countries attempted to maintain peace despite their hostile relationships.The 2 Hague Conference was held in the Netherlands in order to prevent war through disarmament.The powers agreed to set up Permanent Court of Arbritration.To give out warning before starting war and not to harm human lives.They were not discussing about disarm but how to face the war! No one want to disarm! This led to failure of Conference and suspicious between the powers. The powers tried to intensified their arms race.It was a rehearsal of WWII.After WWI,the League of Nations was formed in Switzerland and aimed at keeping peace.But it was failed to do so.Due to the lack of representation,US adopted isolation policy it didn’t join League of Nations.Italy withdrew from the league in 1937 and annexed Abyssinia.Japan and Germany whitdrew in 1933 and invaded NE China and remilitarised Rhineland respectively.Also the ineffective mechanism and weak military powers also weaken the league and led to failure.The failure of the League of Nations encouraged powers to expand and strengthen their military powers.To compare, The Hague Conference and League of Nations both aim at making peace but they were failure.So it was the rehearsal of WWII.
Also, the Algeciras Conference was attempted to settle the Conflict between Germany and France in First Moroccan crisis.Among the participating countries, Germany found that its only supporter was Austria-Hungary, he felt isolated. Although Morocco did not become a French colony,it came under French sphere of influence.Germany was angry with France getting Morocco.Then Germany strengthened its military construction to prepare for Dreadnoughts sailing overseas.The Conference was failure.
The treaty of Fez was to settle second Moroccan crisis.France sent troops to Morocco when Germany sent gunboat as a react to express its discontent. Morocco lastly became France protectorate under Britain support.It could not settle the conflict between France and Germany but worsen Germany's relations with Britain and France.So the conference was failed to keep peace
Finally, the Treaty of London also failed to keep peace.In 1912, Serbia,Bulgaria,Greece and Montenegro allied to form Balkan League to declare war on the Ottoman empire.The fist Balkan war broke out.Serbia got the largest pieces of land from Turkey.Serbia became more powerful.Serbia longed to seize Albania for a port,Austria Hungary was afraid of Serbia and proposed an independent Albania to landlock Serbia.It worsen relations between Serbia and Austria Hungary.The Conference was failure.

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Impact of WWI

I agree “The war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945." And after the WWI , there still have some same problem to led the WWII.

First , the impact of WWI led to the collapse of 4 traditional empire , then cause the power vacuum. So it lost in balance of power and no one is able to check the aggressor. It will encourage their aggression.

Second, WWI also led to the creation of new states .Because they are the new states so that they are very weak .Then,it is a good chance for the aggressor to annexed them so that it will strengthen the aggressor .

After WWI , there are some treaties to punish the Germany and ITaly but those treaties are too harsh and cause them to have revengeful feeling. And then they start their revengeful movement and led the rise of totalitarianism .

WWI also led to the decline of Europe and then the rise of US and Japan occur.Because the rise of US ,Europe over relief on US economy.And later cause the Great Depression.Also ,rise of Japan led the rise of militarism and start to annexed China.

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In terms of the participating country,the countries that participated and initiated the two wars were similar.The main participants in the WWI were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Germany .However,the main participants in the WWII were Britain, France, Russia, It http://padlet.com/ngw6697/wwIIaly, Austria, Germany and the US, which the US was late to join the war.

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In terms of the participating country,the countries that participated and initiated the two wars were similar.The main participants in the WWI First World War were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Germany .However,the main participants in the Second World War were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, Germany and the US, which lately join the war.Therefore the main participants of the two world war were nearly the same, also both of the world war were started by Germany, also ,Germany was the aggressor in both world war, so First World War was the rehearsal of second world war

First,Before the first world war, France and Germany were in a bad relationship,in the Franco-Prussian war of1870-1871,France was defeated ,after its defeat ,France had to cede Alsace Lorraine to Germany and had to pay a huge amount of indemnity to Prussia which made France suffered grave humiliation and swore revenge on Germany.later, due to the revengeful feeling of France, she formed the triple entente with Britain and Russia while Germany,Austria-Hungary and Italy formed triple alliance,since Austria-Hungary declared the Sarajevo assassination but Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary,so Germany was the aggressor ,then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,Russia moblized troops to supported Serbia ,finally ,Germany declared war on Russia.The First World War started in1914.

In the second world war,because of the rise of nazism,Hitler wanted to have foreign expansion,he invaded Poland ,Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland,this mean that Germany was aggressive.

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(4B 15 Lui Wing Ka )

Both WWI and WWII during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation. In WWI,there were a few conferences held to keep peace.First, the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907 were to avoid war through disarmament .However,the conferences fail and even intensify the arms race and the powers became more suspicious of each other. Second,the Algeciras conference in 1905 aimed to settle conflict between Germany and France in the first Moroccan Crisis . But it also failed to stem the discontent of Germany ,which realised that it was the target of hostility from many European countries . Therefore , Germany started strengthening the military constructions.

In treaty of Fez, it attempted to settle the second Moroccan Crisis .Although it succeeded to settle conflicts ,it further worsened the Franco German relation because Morocco became the protectorate of France.

Those conferences not only fail to keep peace it also let Germany more eager to start the war.In WWII the conferences before the war also attempted to keep peace through disarmament but fail and encouraged the aggressions.

In WWII , the three disarmament conferences Geneva Conference , London Naval conference and Washington conference but both failed and intensify the arms race and rearmament in Germany. The situation was more hostile .

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Leung Yui Man 4B (13)

The problems left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945. Firstly, After the wwI, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles and accepted a number of terms. First ,Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to France and ceded territories to Poland, Denmark, Belgium and Lithuania. Second, Saar was to be governed by the League of Nations for 15 years, and it’s coalfi was to be ceded to France. Also, Germany needed to bear the sole responsibility for having caused the WWI. She needed to pay 6.6 billion. Germany think that those terms is too harsh to her. And she think that all the indemnity should bear by all the defeated countries but not only her to bear the huge indemnity. So she felt that it is not fair to her. Therefore, she had the revengeful feeling and trigger the WWII. Germany thought that the lose in WWI is just a miscalculation. She thought that if she prepare again for another war successfully, she may get success. And this make she did the aggression in WWII. Therefore, the war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.
Secondly, collapse of traditional empires led to the WWII. Before the WWI, there was still balance of power in Europe. Some traditional empires collapsed due to the territorial arrangements made at the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles turns the large German Empire into a divided nation. Four traditional empires were broken up. They were German empire, Austria-Hungary empire, Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire. This led to the power vacuum in Europe and led to the WWII. Because of the collapse pf the four traditional empires, it cause the power vacuum in Europe. And this mean that it would have another war later because if she had the power again later, she must have the aggression actions due to the revengeful feeling. So the WWI is the rehearsal of WWII.
Thirdly, the establishment of new nation states led to the WWII too. Under the principle of national self-determination, the ethnic minorities in the former empires created their own nation stats. As a result, Finland and Yugoslavia were founded. However, these newly founded nations were not strong enough to protect themselves, and they became easy target of invasion by Hitler in the 1930. Therefore, the new nation states trigger the WWII. The new nation states are too weak that many countries want to defeat it. It mean that the new states make the other countries want to annexed it. So the creation of new nation states trigger the WWII and the WWI is the rehearsal of the WWII.

Fourthly, the decline of Europe is the rehearsal of WWII. First,  Germany and Austria were greatly weakened after the Paris Peace Conference. The political and economic strengths of Britain and France were undermined due to the war destruction. They were also heavily indebted to the US. This make the rise of US and Japan. US invaded North East China while Japan over realize on their Economy. This led to the Great depression and rise of totalitarianism. Because of this,  there was no any powers to check the aggressors. This led to power vacuum in Europe and encouraged the aggressors. Such as the invasion of Abyssinia and the eastern-Europe by Italy and Germany because of their revengeful feeling after the WWI. This trigger the aggression of Italy and Germany. Therefore, the decline of Europe led to the WWII and so it is claimed that the war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.

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This meant that it gives a chance for the aggressors to practice the first“acting“of the aggression which was going to act in the WWII. After that, the aggressors start more and more aggression for example Czechoslovakia and Poland. Because of the sufficient practices of aggression before start the WWII.Therefore it is a rehearsal of WWII.

Lastly, is the creation of new  nation state.After the WWI, lots of states were created because of the "self-determination" which mention in the "14 points" given by the US president. Those new states such as Czechoslovakia, Finland and Lithuania caused the territorial changes in Europe.It meant that there is a change in the character after the WWI because of the disadvantage in the WWI, there is an improvement after the WWI which meant that there is a disadvantage in the first acting, there is a improvement after this.It aimed to be a rehearsal for the nexting act-"WWII".

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(New)(Chan Chun Fung 4B23)

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(New)(Chan Chun Fung 4B23)

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Both wars during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation. Before the First World War, there were several conferences which were aimed to keep peace. The Algeciras Conference and Treaty of Fez were attempted to settle the first and second Moroccan Crisis respectively.             In the Algeciras Conference, Germany found that the only supporter was Austria-Hungary. Also, Morocco became the French sphere of influence. As a result, Germany became more determined to strengthen its military power and other Powers followed suit. It intensified the arms race.
In Treaty of Fez, Morocco officially became the French protectorate. It further worsened the relationship between Britain and France.              These two conferences were aimed to settle the problem between France and Germany, but the result was it further worsened the relationship between them.        Before the Second World War, there were also many conferences.
There were two international agreements: Locarno Pact and Kellogg-Braind Pact.
In Locarno Pact, the Powers agreed to settle their disputes through peaceful means instead of wars, but they could use ‘legitimate self-defence’ to expand. It could not check Hitler’s desire to expand as well.
In Kellogg-Briand Pact, there neither binding terms nor concrete punishments for aggressors.
There were three disarmament conferences: Washington Conference, London Naval Conference and Geneva Conference.
In Washington Conference, it only fixed the ratio of capital ships and aircraft carriers, but no agreement on other warships. Also, it didn’t state how to punish the violators. The London Naval Conference was the same as they could expand for security reasons.
The Geneva Conference also failed as Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.
All the settlement were aimed to keep peace. Before WWI, the two conferences were attempted to settle the two Moroccan Crisis. But it finally fail. Before WWII, all the conferences were aimed to stop the aggression. The The war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945 because there are the same conferences which aimed to keep peace but it turned out worsen the powers.

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Aspect3
In the aspect of participants, most of 2 wars’ participants were same . In the First World War the main participants were Britain ,France,Russia,Germany,Austria,Italy;while the main participants in the Second World War were Britain , France, Russia,Germany,Austria,Italy,the US. This mean that the main participants of the 2 World War main participants were same,the US .As the result ,the Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War as and meaning of ‘rehearsal ‘is referring same group of people doing same things more than 1 time while the main participants were same in 2 War . This mean tthe Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War.
Besides,the US and Russia had changed their side during the 2 war. About the US,she joined the First World War in April 1917 due to the sinking of Lusitania as Germany started the unrestricted submarine warfare and she joined the Second World War in 1942 as Japan suddenly attacked her naval at Pearl Harbor.About Russia ,she withdrew the First World War form eastern front in November 1917 due to the October Revolution ; she joined the Second World War as Germany suddenly attacked her.This mean the US and Russia suddenly changed their side during the war . ‘rehearsal ‘is to refer people doing same thing to gain experience. In the First World War ,the US and Russia learned that they would suffer less losses and get more benefits if they did not join the war immediately when the war started but joined the war when they faced direct attack form the participants of the war.
Also ,there were similar aillies.In the First World War ,the Triple Alliance was formed by Germany ,Austria and Italy. In the Second World War , the Axis power was formed by Germany which united with Austria and formed Anschluss , Japan and Italy. Both Axis power and Triple Alliance increased mistrust and suspicions among European countries. This mean the Frist World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War as Frist World War was a rehearsal of Germany and Germany was confident to win the Second World War to humiliate the victory of the First World War and get back lost glory after gaining experience from the First World War.As the result ,the Second World War must broke after the First World War as Germany was a aggressive dominater.
Cheng Wing Yan Elizabeth 4C(1)

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The problem left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945.
First, by considering the resentment of Italy and Germany, the Paris Peace Settlement led to the rise of totalitarianism. After the WWI, Germany had to sign the harsh Treaty of Versailles.For example, Germany needed to pay 6.6 billion pounds of indemnity, ceded Saar for 15 years and disarm. She needed to bear all the war guilts. This not only weakened Germany but also humiliated Germany. Therefore, the Germans looked for a strong leader to recover the economy and take back the glory. This created favourable circumstance for Hitler to rise the power. This led to the rise of Nazism. On the other side, in Paris Peace Settlement, Italy failed to get the two promised lands, Dalmatia and Port Fiume. This made Italian nationalists felt humiliated and very angry about the Big Three. They looked for astrong  leader to restore national glory and so led to the rise of Fascism. The rise of the totalitarianism started the aggressions of Italy and Germany. These attacks led to the WWll. From these events, we could see that the WWll was like a drama and the WWl was it’s rehearsal, then the Paris Peace Settlement was like the script of the drama. It was the instruction to lead to the WWll by the rise of totalitarianism.
Besides, after WWI, there was creation of new nation states like Czechoslovakia and Poland. They became the future target of German attack. Also, there was fall of 4 tradional empires(Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire) which created a power vacuum of Europe. Therefore, there was not enough power to fight against to the aggressor and led to  the outbreak of the WWll. This showed the impact of WWl was like the “improvement” after the WWl, which was the rehearsal, to create the pathway for the presents of WWll. The WWl was just like the preparation for the WWll which provided many factors and settings to lead to WWII.
For Germany, WWI was a practice of expansion by just creating some local conflict. After the WWI, there was shift of the balance of power. Therefore, Germany started the WWII, which was for a greater expansion -- annexing the new nation states and expand to whole Europe.
For the Big Three, WWI was a preparation for destroying the Germany. After the WWI, they forced Germany to accept Paris Peace Settlement. It would destroy Germany. After that, the WWII started, they fought against Germany again. Finally, Germany was defeated and not as powerful as before. This showed that WWI was a rehearsal for WWII.

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(4B 15 Lui Wing Ka )

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Failure of peace keeping efforts(4B 15 Lui Wing Ka )

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Both WWI and WWII during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of international mediation. In WWI,there were a few conferences held to keep peace.First, the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907 were to avoid war through disarmament .However,the conferences fail and even intensify the arms race and the powers became more suspicious of each other. Second,the Algeciras conference in 1905 aimed to settle conflict between Germany and France in the first Moroccan Crisis . But it also failed to stem the discont9ent of Germany ,which realised that it was the target of hostility from many European countries . Therefore , Germany started strengthening the military constructions.
In treaty of Fez, it attempted to settle the second Moroccan Crisis .Although it succeeded to settle conflicts ,it further worsened the Franco German relation because Morocco became the protectorate of France.
Those conferences not only fail to keep peace it also let Germany more eager to start the war.In WWII the conferences before the war also attempted to keep peace through disarmament but fail and encouraged the aggressions.This showed the similar development of war .
In WWII , the three disarmament conferences Geneva Conference , London Naval conference and Washington conference but both failed and intensify the arms race and rearmament in Germany.This made the situation in Europe even more hostile.

Moreover,the two pacts,Locarno Pact and Kellogg Briand Pact attempted to settle down the boundaries of Belgium ,France and Germany .However ,this encourage German aggressions towards eastern Europe.Since the aggressors can use "legitimate self-defence" as an excuse to make their aggressions reasonable.

To sum up, both before WWI and WWII period held disarmament conferences and sign the pacts to keep peace . In my view ,WWI is the rehearsal of WWII since Germany saw that the disarmament conferences didn't contribute actual efforts even when she was strengthening her military power.Therefore she made more serious and enormous movement to strengthen and prepare for war.This showed WWI as a practice for Germany to see whether the conferences were effectless or not to provide her an opportunity to increase her power . When she saw the practice work ,she further enlarged her actions before WWII .Lastly, WWI was the rehearsal of WWII for aggressors to test if their idea could be practised .

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Similar reasons to 2 World war Cho(4c26) ver 2.0

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Similar reasons to 2 World war Cho(4c26) ver 2.0

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There are similar reasons that initiated the 2 wars were similar.
First of all, both wars were caused by the extreme nationalism. In the First World War , France wanted to restore national glory after losing the Franco-Prussian war, it caused the revengeful Movement of France. Also, Germany and Austria-Hungary promoted “pan -Germanism” while Russia promoted “pan-slavism” and Russia supported Serbia to create a “Greater Serbian State “ in the  Balkans. Due to the extreme nationalism , the powers wanted to expand themselves in order to get national glory. They had the conflicts in the Balkans and lead to the First World War later.After the Sarajevo Assassination, Germany gave unlimited support to Austria, this turns a local war into a world war. In the Second World War ,the war was also caused by the extreme nationalism. Germany did not learn from their history, instead of change their mistakes , they chose to create another extreme nationalism—Nazism. But in this time, they thought they were more superior than others. They even wanted to kill all Jews. The Nazism
had an extreme feeling towards other. The Second World War is like the “advancement” of the First World War.So, it showed that the First World War is a rehearsal of the Second World War. The First World War gave Germany a chance to prepare themselves, the the Second World War was the real war .

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Aspect3 （extra part ）
On the other hand ,the roles of participants were same . For Germany , she was played as active role in 2 world wars . In the Fist World War ,she gave unlimited support to Austria and declared war on Russia and France . Also she enforced the Sclieffen plan that attacked Belgium that led Britian declared war on Germany and   led the First World War directly. In the Second World War ,she attacked Poland due to the Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact and directly led the Second World War as she violated the Munich Agreement then Britian declared war on Germany. For Britian, she acted denfensive in the two wars . In the First World War, she joined the First World War due to her national security as Germany attacked Belgium suddenly . In the Second World War, she joined the war as Germany attacked Poland that violated the Munich Agreement theathened British national security. This prove that Germany played active role while Britian acted as denfensive role in the two world war. Rehearsals of an drama are a group of people partice their own roles that are same in every single time.  As Germany played active role while Britian acted as denfensive role in the two world war that their role were same in the two world war. This mean Germany was a trouble maker and Britain was a peace maker in the two world war m So the First World War was a rehearsal of the Second World War.

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The problem left by the war during the period 1914-1918 led to the outbreak of the war during the period 1939-1945. First, by considering the resentment of Italy and Germany, the Paris Peace Settlement led to the rise of totalitarianism. After the WWI, Germany had to sign the harsh Treaty of Versailles.For example, Germany needed to pay 6.6 billion pounds of indemnity, ceded Saar for 15 years and disarm. She needed to bear all the war guilts. This not only weakened Germany but also humiliated Germany. Therefore, the Germans looked for a strong leader to recover the economy and take back the glory. This created favourable circumstance for Hitler to rise the power. This led to the rise of Nazism. On the other side, in Paris Peace Settlement, Italy failed to get the two promised lands, Dalmatia and Port Fiume. This made Italian nationalists felt humiliated and very angry about the Big Three. They looked for astrong  leader to restore national glory and so led to the rise of Fascism. The rise of the totalitarianism started the aggressions of Italy and Germany. These attacks led to the WWll. From these events, we could see that the WWll was like a drama and the WWl was it’s rehearsal, then the Paris Peace Settlement was like the script of the drama. It was the instruction to lead to the WWll by the rise of totalitarianism.
Besides, after WWI, there was creation of new nation states like Czechoslovakia and Poland. They became the future target of German attack. Also, there was fall of 4 tradional empires(Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire) which created a power vacuum of Europe. Therefore, there was not enough power to fight against to the aggressor and led to the outbreak of the WWll. This showed the impact of WWl was like the “improvement” after the WWl, which was the rehearsal, to create the pathway for the presents of WWll. The WWl was just like the preparation for the WWll which provided many factors and settings to lead to WWll.
For Germany, the WWl was a practice for expansion, by just fighting against the Triple Entente. After the WWI, there was shift of balance of power in Europe. Then, Germany took the chance to start the real expansion, the WWll, by annexing the new nation states and expanding to the whole world together with Italy and Japan.
For the Big Three, the WWI was a preparation for destroying Germany. Germany was defeated in WWI. After that, the Big Three forced Germany to accept the Paris Peace Settlement, which was harsh and was for destroying Germany. Then, WWII started due to the revengeful feeling of Germany. However, Germany was defeated again and became not as powrful as before. This was the Big Three’s goal.
All of these showed that WWI was a rehearsal of the WWll.

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Participants
In terms of the participating countries, the countries which joined WWI and WWII are similar.And the

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Similar reason Group 4 4B22(Final version)

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Similar reason Group 4 4B22(Final version)

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Both WWI and WWII broke out due to similar reasons (Extreme Nationalism),the war during 1914-1918 was a rehearsal of the war during 1939-1945.
Extreme nationalism referred to absolute loyalty to the states and call for foreign expansion in order that their states might gain national glory.
For WWI,France desired to take revenge on Germany after she was defeated in  France-Prussian War in order to get back lost land and gain national glory which cause France revenageful movement ,this lead to Alliance system and a local conflict may develop into world war easily.
Also,because of extreme nationalism(sense of identity),Germany and Austria-Hungary promoted “Pan-Germanism”while Russia promoted “Pan-Slavism”, Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russian supported Serbia to expand to the same place,Balkan Peninsula.This caused Balkan Wars and Sarajevo Assassination which lead to the outbreak of WWI.
For WWII,the idea of extreme nationalism lead to the rise of totalitarianism which is a political ideology whereby the government dominates all political,social and economic activities in a nation.This caused the rise of fascism in Italy , rise of Nazism in Germany and rise of Militarism in Japan which gave rise to foreign expansion of these three countries .They became aggressors and Initiated wars ,triggered WWII.
The meaning of rehearsal is a practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance. Because of what extreme nationalism promoted,European powers

knew that there must be a world war as they needed to expand.In 1914, German foreign minister Gottlieb von Jagow said that soldiers who dream of peace are an absurdity and many people thought that the war is a great adventure.This showed European powers were optimism toward the First World War ,which could gain national glory and interest for them.European powers planed to
sound out the power of others states by WWI to prepare for the next world war that must likely to occurs.That's why both wars were
caused by similar reasons(extreme nationalism) and started by Germany,which follow the road of extreme nationalism .

So the First World War was a rehearsal of the Second War World .

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Aspect 2 Participants
In terms of the participating country, the countries that participated and initiated the two wars were similar.Rehearsal means a practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance.

Firstly, Europe was divided into 2 opposing camps which were Central Powers and Allies in WWI. Austria-Hungary,Germany,Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were the major powers of Central Powers while Britain and France were the major powers of Allies.The US was later joined the Allies in 1915.

Second,Europe was also divided into two opposing camps in WWII which were the Axis Powers and the Allies.This time, Germany, Italy and Japan were the major powers of the Axis Powers.Britain, France were still the major powers of the Allies.The USSR and China were newly joined in the Allies in the WWII.The US was also later joined the war in 1941.

In both WWI and WWII, Germany was the one who stared the war.In WWI,Germany formed the Alliance system to isolate France which made France wanted to revenge.Also,Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary and then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia because of the Sarajevo Assassination.WWI broke out.In WWII, Nazi Germany attacked Poland and started WWII.In my opinion,Germany was the great aggressors in the two world wars.In WWI,Germany was trying to check the power of the European countries.However, she was defeated in WWI which is only a rehearsal. Then, it led to the rise of Nazism to make Germany be stronger. After Germany become stronger, she gained confidence to attack the whole Europe.As a result, she started another world war again.Therefore, the WWI became a rehearsal of Germany to see the powers of those countries and then to start another expanding war.

Moreover, the US was later joined in the both wars. In WWI, Germany attacked all merchant ships trading with Britain and its Allies which led to the sinking of Lusitania. In the accident, 1000 people were killed and 128 of them were Americans. Then, the US joined the war. In WWII, Japan suddenly attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii which angered the US and then she joined the war. The US was not the one to start the war and joined the war at first in both WWI and WWII. The US was forced to join the war because the attack of Germany and Japan. However, it was a small accident that made the US to joined the war. It meant that it was a rehearsal of the next more powerful war. As a result, in the second world war, Japan attacked the naval base of the US and the sinking of Lusitania was the rehearsal of it. Since the US was later forced to join the two world wars and therefore the WWI was the rehearsal of the WWII.

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Both wars during the period 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 broke out due to the failure of peace keeping efforts of international mediation.

Firstly, the failure of Hague Conferences were the one cause of the failure of peace keeping efforts. The Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907 urged Europe to establish the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The powers also agreed not to start a war without warning and promised to respect human lives, personal property and religion beliefs during wartime. However, as the European powers feared that disarmament would make them become the targets for invasion, no one wanted to disarm first. So the conferences failed to achieve its basic aim of disarmament.

Second, the Algeciras Conference in 1906 was the other one cause that led to the failure of peace keeping efforts between the European powers. It attempted to settle the first Moroccan Crisis of 1905 when Germany and France competed over Morocco.Western powers held a conference in Algeciras in Spain. Among the participating countries, Germany found that its only supporter was Austria-Hungary. Germany subsequently felt isolated. Although Morocco did not become a French colony, it came under the French sphere of influence. Germany, which realised that it was the target of hostility from many European countries. As a result, Germany became even more determined to strengthen its military power after 1905. Other Powers followed suit. Arms race was intensified. The conference was failed and unable to keep peace among the European powers.

Thirdly, the signing of the Treaty of Fez in 1911 was also the cause led to the failure of peace keeping efforts. France sent troops to Morocco when civil unrest broke out in 1911. Germany reacted by sending gunboats to express its discontent. The crisis was resolved as Germany made concession when Britain threatened war on Germany. After the signing of the Treaty of Fez by Germany and France in the same year, Morocco officially became a French protectorate. However, Germany’s relations with Britain and France further worsened.

From the above causes of failure of peace keeping efforts, no one wanted to disarm first because they were fear that they would become the future target of attack. Since no one wanted to be weakened, they even continue to expand their military power. This encouraged Germany to start the war. Later, WWI broke out.

After WWI, the Paris Peace Conference was held to discuss the post-war settlements in January 1919. The Treaty of Versailles that decided by the ‘Big Three’  was then signed in order to punish Germany for starting the war. ‘Big Three’ wanted to weaken Germany so she would be unable to start another war. Then Europe would enjoy peace. However, the treaty terms were too harsh for Germany. For example, Germany had to pay 6.6 billion pounds but at the same time, she had to lose rich lands—Alsace-Lorraine and Saar, and also the overseas colonies. Germany had no way to pay off huge indemnity. Moreover, Germany had to disarm and demilitarize Rhineland, but other Powers, such as France, continued to increase army and naval size. Also, Germany had to bear war guilt but other Powers needed not bear any war responsibilities. Germany thought that the treaty was unfair to her. The Treaty of Versailles created himiliation of Germany. She was then had revengeful feeling. It was a rehearsal of the WWII.

Before the outbreak of WWII, the Collective Security was failed to keep peace btween the European powers. It included the failure of the League of Nations, the Treaties and the Disarmament Conferences. The problems of the League of Nations were lack of representation, weak military force and the ineffective mechanism. These problems made the League could not contain the aggressors and encouraged aggression. For German aggression, she violated the Treaty of Versailles. But the League only condemned the German aggression but did noting more. Germany withdrew from the League in 1933. This meant that Germany may further her aggression. The peace in Europe could not keep so long and the war would start easily.For the treaties, Locarno Pact and Kellogg-Briand Pact did not have any punishment for the violators. All the signatories agreed to settle their disputes through peaceful means. However, the Locarno Pact provided the reason “legitimate self-defence” for the aggressors to expand. This encouraged aggression. For the Disarmament Conferences, the Washington Conference, London Naval Conference and Geneva Conference fixed the ratio of naval power of the countries. However, the Powers resumed their naval race shortly after the Washington Conference. The London Naval Conference allowed the Powers to expand for security reasons. This encouraged aggression. In the Geneva Conference, it allowed Germany to rearm itself. This led to the increase of military power of Germany.

Appeasement Policy was also failed to keep peace that led to the WWII. The measures of Appeasement Policy were negotiation and concessions in order to satisfy the wants of the aggressors. Its aim was to keep peace in Western Europe. When Germany demanded to annex Sudetenland, Britain and France immediately arranged the Munich Agreement. They forced Czechosolvakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany in the hope of bring peace to Europe by sacrificing the interests of small nations. Hitler promised to get Sudetenland and he would not attack Czechosolvakia. But Germany was not satisfy with getting Sudetenland, she later invaded the whole Czechoslavakia. The Munich Agreement was violated. Britain and France were then prepared for the war. At the same time, the USSR was feared that Britain and France might allied with Germany to launch attacks against its territories. Thus, the USSR signed the Zazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Germany in August 1939. Both agreed not to attack each other for ten years and agreed to partition Poland. Shortly afterwards, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany. WWII began.

To be concluded, the disarmament conferences before the WWI and the harsh treaty terms in the Treaty of Versailles made Germany further expand and start the aggression. Moreover, the conferences and the treaties increased the fear and suspicion between the European powers and further worsened their relationship. Therefore, the WWI was a rehearsal of WWII since the failure of peace keeping efforts made Germany continued to expand and further the aggression. WWII finally began.

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There is a similarity between WWI and WWII which is extreme nationalism . Before the outbreak of WWI, since Germany and Austria-Hungary were same race which both of them are German speaking, Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary to promote ‘Pan-Germanism’ . However, Russia promoted ‘Pan- Slavism ‘. This led to the clash between these two camps. Due to the hatred from Germany, the Black Hand plotted assassination on Austria-Hungary which means the extreme nationalism directly led to Sarajevo Assassination which triggered WWI.

After the WWI, the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to take all the guilts and responsibilities from the WWI that Germany had to pay huge compensation and have a massive demilitarisation. The treaties are too harsh for the Germans. They felt humiliated and had strong revengeful feelings. When they were out of control , they was seeking for a strong leader which is Hitler, in order to get rid of the punishments of the Treaty of Versailles. This led to the rise of Nazism. Furthermore, Italy was facing the similar situation. Since Italy was not able to get Port Fiume and Dalmatia, she was incensed about it. Therefore, the Italian chose Mussolini as their representative to get back Port Fiume. So this is how Fascism rose. Moreover, the militarism of Japan was rising gradually either. As the rise of extreme nationalism, these three countries later withdrew from the League of Nations and became aggressors. They nonstop expand to many states such as Abyssinia and the N.E. China. The League of Nations was unable to stop the aggression of Germany, Italy and Japan. Because of the continuous aggression, the WWII finally started.

After comparing WWI and WWII, both of these two war are caused by extreme nationalism. In my opinion, Germany is the country that involved in these two wars with the reason of extreme nationalism. Since Germany is a ambitious country, she actually wanted to start a war which is WWI that she can defeat the whole Europe. But but she didn’t expect that she would lose. So the WWII was the second time that Germany tried to to win and revenge. Therefore, it proves that the WWI was the rehearsal of WWII.

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Participants (4B09 Lam Suet Man)updated one

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Participants (4B09 Lam Suet Man)updated one

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In terms of the participating country,the countries that participated and initiated the two wars were similar.The main participants in the WWI First World War were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Germany .However,the main participants in the Second World War were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, Germany and the US, which lately join the war.Therefore the main participants of the two world war were nearly the same, also both of the world war were started by Germany, also ,Germany was the aggressor in both world war, so First World War was the rehearsal of second world war

First,Before the first world war, France and Germany were in a bad relationship,in the Franco-Prussian war of1870-1871,France was defeated ,after its defeat ,France had to cede Alsace Lorraine to Germany and had to pay a huge amount of indemnity to Prussia which made France suffered grave humiliation and swore revenge on Germany.later, due to the revengeful feeling of France, she formed the triple entente with Britain and Russia while Germany,Austria-Hungary and Italy formed triple alliance,since Austria-Hungary declared the Sarajevo assassination but Germany gave unlimited support to Austria-Hungary,so Germany was the aggressor ,then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,Russia moblized troops to supported Serbia ,finally ,Germany declared war on Russia.The First World War started in1914.

In the second world war,because of the rise of nazism,Hitler wanted to have foreign expansion,he invaded Poland ,Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland,this mean that Germany was aggressive.Since the participants in both world war were similar and  Germany was the aggressor in both First World War and Second World War,the First World War is the rehearsal of Second World War.

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Participants
In terms of the participating countries, the countries which joined WWI and WWII were similar. And the reason for each country to join into both two wars were related.The meaning of rehearsal is to gain experience in something and do better next time.
First,in both world wars, Germany is the country which started the war.
Germany started WWI by giving unlimited support Austria Hungary to help allies. Germany started WWII by attacking Poland to get land.
Therefore,to be concluded,Germany do not want WWI.In fact,she mistakenly started war by giving support to allied power but not for herself.She failed in WWI because she did not well prepared .So she treated WWI as the rehearsal of WWII.She gained experience from WWI to revenge in WWII.For example,she wanted to avoid two-front war of WWI in WWII.She signed Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact with Russia to avoid it.So we can observed that Germany treat WWI as rehearsal and well prepare to start WWII.So she will stare two war

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Participants 2
Second,in both world wars,USA is the country which late to join the war.In WWI,USA joined the war because of sinking of Lusitania.In WWII, USA joined the war because of Japanese attack of Pearl Harbour.
In my view, there is a reason why USA late to join WWII.USA gain a lot because late to join the war. So she want to repeat the great success by doing the same affair.Therefore,we can observed that USA treated WWI as rehearsal and gain experience to repeat the victory.
Third, in both world war, Europe was divided into two camps.In WWI,Europe was divided into central power and the allies.
In WWII,Europe was divided into axis power and the allies.It the showed the similarity of power balance of Europe in two world war.
So to be concluded,the above arguments that the similarity of participants and reasons they join the war showed WWI is the rehearsal of WWII