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the artistic style of the first half of the 16th century in western Europe and centralized composition, technical mastery of drawing and conception, and a mature humanistic content.

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Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492- 1502

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propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences and then later became with the beginning of the protestant reformation.

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was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor which was later signed in September 1555

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sent by Philip II of Spain against England and was then defeated in the Channel by the English fleets and almost completely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides.

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1648-49- Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I

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1648-49- Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I

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a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence.

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the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians.

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an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

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France against the monarchy, which resulted in the establishment of France as a republic.

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a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, held in Vienna.

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1848- The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism)

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1848- The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism)

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rebellions that broke out in 1848 in several European nations, including Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium.