# data[].attributes.headline
Question 18: How were rituals of public humiliation utilized to enforce communal norms? (Josh)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 18: How were rituals of public humiliation utilized to enforce communal norms? (Josh)

# data[].attributes.body
Although the early modern period saw the rise of urbanization and market economies, for many people, life remained firmly in more rural communes. Local and church authorities used rituals of public humiliation such as whipping and pillory to discourage acts such as theft, as described in a Russian report from the Novgorod Province. These rituals essentially called out the perpetrators in front of their entire community and dissuaded both them and the onlookers of continuing such behaviors.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 22: What demographic change is Oliver Goldsmith describing in his poem? How does Goldsmith feel about the change?

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 22: What demographic change is Oliver Goldsmith describing in his poem? How does Goldsmith feel about the change?

# data[].attributes.body
Goldsmith describes the urbanization that happened in English cities like London. As agriculture became more efficient, fewer jobs were available, so more peasants started moving to poorly sanitized cities to live in slums and search for jobs. Goldsmith mourns the loss of the simpler and fairer life enjoyed by peasants working in agriculture.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 12 juan: What are the respective punishments for breaking the laws of English Parliament and of Calvin’s Geneva? What does this say about how governments attempted to regulate public behavior and morality? - Siyu

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 12 juan: What are the respective punishments for breaking the laws of English Parliament and of Calvin’s Geneva? What does this say about how governments attempted to regulate public behavior and morality? - Siyu

# data[].attributes.body
The English wanted to deport every single homeless person, while the Genevans tried to get them on track in life and help provide them mentors. This shows that the Calvinists values that they believed, willing to offer opportunities to everybody as long as they equally put in the work, meanwhile the English just had a blanket ban on vagrants, vagabonds and beggars because of the negative associations with their name.

# data[].attributes.body
Elizabethan sports were sometimes violent. For example "Bearbaiting involved a bear tied to a stake by a long rope. The animal was put into a pit where four or five large, fierce dogs call mastiff (or in some cases, lions) were let in for the sole purpose of attacking the confined bear. Any dogs that might survive the bear's retaliation were pulled off just before the bear was killed. The dogs would be considered winners if the large animal was killed, but losers if many of them were disabled that the rest refused to attack. Sometimes apes were used instead of bears."  - https://www.tomecek.com/jay/RecreationandSports.html

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 19: What was the “Little Ice Age”? Based on the account of the French priest, what impact did it have on European society? (Angel)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 19: What was the “Little Ice Age”? Based on the account of the French priest, what impact did it have on European society? (Angel)

# data[].attributes.body
The "Little Ice Age" was a short era in which it was so cold that it started ruining agriculture by ruining crops, killing livestock, and killing random animals. The impact this could've had on European society is that now there was the danger that this may happen again, and all the crops would be ruined again, it may come back stronger with more lethality or really with any other negative conditions it may bring.

# data[].attributes.headline
16: What are Saint’s day festivities? Based on the image, what do people seem to be doing to celebrate St. George’s Day? Provide 2-3 features

# data[].attributes.subject
16: What are Saint’s day festivities? Based on the image, what do people seem to be doing to celebrate St. George’s Day? Provide 2-3 features

# data[].attributes.body
The Saint’s day festivities were to celebrate the birth or death of a saint,

In the picture you can see people fighting in the middle, dancing on the bottom right, and playing on the left

# data[].attributes.body
What was the traditional early modern European family like?
In early modern Europe, the family was the primary social and economic institution. A family worked as a unit, the husband and wife doing separate but complimentary jobs with the husband in charge.

# data[].attributes.headline
1. What was the social structure of early modern Europe like? Explain.

# data[].attributes.subject
1. What was the social structure of early modern Europe like? Explain.

# data[].attributes.body
The social structure of early modern europe was split into 3 different classes the first class being the clergy the second class being the nobles and the third class being the peasants later known as the bourgeoisie.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 5 - Based on the chart, what impact did Enclosure have on English agricultural production? Why do you think this is? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 5 - Based on the chart, what impact did Enclosure have on English agricultural production? Why do you think this is? 

# data[].attributes.body
Enclosure significantly increased the production of crops right away, because large farmers didn’t have any tenants taking up land for personal use and with the influx of god and silver, the gentry did not need the money they got by renting to tenants and farming on their land was more profitable for them.

# data[].attributes.headline
15: Q:  According to historian Dianne Hales, why did women not have a Renaissance? (Johnny)

# data[].attributes.subject
15: Q:  According to historian Dianne Hales, why did women not have a Renaissance? (Johnny)

# data[].attributes.body
A: Women were constricted at the point they were born and couldn't have much say in the fate that would lead them. Middle-class women were constricted into being caregivers for children husbands and the home, upper-class women were essentially pawns and lower-income families with women who would usually die young because of the very poverty-ridden life they started in. In the renaissance, women didn't have much free will at all.

# data[].attributes.headline
7. How does William Coxe describe the status of the peasant in Poland? Why might he have this attitude? Georgia

# data[].attributes.subject
7. How does William Coxe describe the status of the peasant in Poland? Why might he have this attitude? Georgia

# data[].attributes.body
William Coxe describes the status of peasants as being completely at the “disposal of their master,” they don’t have any “positive security” and properties of their own in their life thus they are not of the same level as the upper class at all. He probably has this attitude towards peasants not sharing the same rights of humanity as nobles because of how he sees the serfs be treated and the overall reliance on the serfs during this time, along with how the nobility is treated in comparison to the lower class.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 21: What impact did the Great Plague have on European society? How might a plague have had a positive economic impact?

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 21: What impact did the Great Plague have on European society? How might a plague have had a positive economic impact?

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Plague killed  ¼ of London's population. This would create a shortage in certain in-demand fields and was an opportunity for the lower class to seize and move up in society.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 3: According to Adam Smith, how does the Bank of Amsterdam work? Why does this seem like a beneficial institution for Amsterdam to have? (Ian)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 3: According to Adam Smith, how does the Bank of Amsterdam work? Why does this seem like a beneficial institution for Amsterdam to have? (Ian)

# data[].attributes.body
It was a place for bullion (precious metals) to be deposited, with receipts that almost never expire - a good way to ensure that bullion continues to circulate throughout the system, and individuals are able to maintain wealth without worrying about storing their bullion/money. Having a safe system of storing money would be especially important to Amsterdam because it is a large trading port city, where lots of goods and money flow through the city.

# data[].attributes.headline
11. What laws and codes did the English parliament and city of Geneva enact to respond to the challenges of expanding cities?  Explain

# data[].attributes.subject
11. What laws and codes did the English parliament and city of Geneva enact to respond to the challenges of expanding cities?  Explain

# data[].attributes.body
While remaining harsh to the poor, the English Parliament’s “Act for Relief of the Poor” stated that any surplus of money that the country had would be used to help them. The city of Geneva decided to have elders with good reputations watch and see who committed crimes and try to get them to correct their ways. If they refused to repent, they would be “cast out from the companionship of Christians.”

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 14: How does Laura Cereta explain the challenges facing women seeking education and intellectual pursuits? (Declan) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 14: How does Laura Cereta explain the challenges facing women seeking education and intellectual pursuits? (Declan) 

# data[].attributes.body
She says that due to societies standards, and the stereotype of women that focus on beauty over all else, intelligent women arent educated enough or given a chance to prove themselves. Overall, Cereta believes that people pretend that women can’t be intelligent for the sake of keeping social standards.

# data[].attributes.body
How has the restricted use of common land brought about by enclosure impacted John Wilson? Why do you think this is?
The enclosure movement has impacted John Wilkerson as the increase of rent prices cause him to not be able to afford the housing there any longer, forcing him to move out and become beggars. The enclosure movement was done because it was more efficient for the wealthy landowners.

# data[].attributes.headline
20. How is the Great Plague described by Daniel Defoe? 

# data[].attributes.subject
20. How is the Great Plague described by Daniel Defoe? 

# data[].attributes.body
The plague is described as terrible, deadly, but inconsistent in the suffering it caused. Some people were affected more than others.

# data[].attributes.body
8.) Based on the map, how extensive of a revolt was the German Peasants’ War in the Holy Roman Empire? What does this tell you about the status of peasants in the German states at this time?

It covered a big part of the Germanic states but did not completely engulf it. It shows that while the peasants were able to revolt, they did not necessarily have the power to change all of the states.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 2: According to Giovanni Rucellai, how does money equal power in early modern Europe? (Blue)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 2: According to Giovanni Rucellai, how does money equal power in early modern Europe? (Blue)

# data[].attributes.body
Giovanni Rucellai says that because money is difficult to handle and conserve those who are able to handle and conserve it become more wealthy and in times of disaster those with more money will suffer less.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 9: How might the continuation of serfdom in Eastern Europe begin to divide it from Western Europe? (Grace)

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 9: How might the continuation of serfdom in Eastern Europe begin to divide it from Western Europe? (Grace)

# data[].attributes.body
It likely divided the two parts of Europe because Western Europe would increasingly modernize itself throughout the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, distancing itself from medieval practices such as serfdom in the process while Eastern Europe continued it. Therefore the gap would grow between the two halves as differences between their societies would increase.

# data[].attributes.headline
(Gabby) Question 10:Why did people migrate to the cities in the 16th century? What problems did this create?

# data[].attributes.subject
(Gabby) Question 10:Why did people migrate to the cities in the 16th century? What problems did this create?

# data[].attributes.body
Many migrated to the city because the population in the countryside was just becoming too large and on top of this the enclosure movement was practically kicking them out, leaving them no choice, so this created cities with little sanitation and a ton of crime because the influx was so large and so quick.

# data[].attributes.headline
Question 4-Ali. What was economic life like for most Europeans during the 15th-16th centuries? What event changed this? Explain.

# data[].attributes.subject
Question 4-Ali. What was economic life like for most Europeans during the 15th-16th centuries? What event changed this? Explain.

# data[].attributes.body
The largest industry in Europe was agriculture. The event of the “Price Revolution” in the 16th and 17th century was when gold and silver was brought from the new world to Europe where nobles had the power to raise taxes on farmers and take their land from owners