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A full-frame camera uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference.

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a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoomlens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens).

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You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace

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is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping an image, for editing and retouching, and many more.

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are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozenpalettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal

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The menu bar consists of 10 menus: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Type, Select, Filter, View, Window, and Help.

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The Options Bar is the horizontal bar that runs underneath the Menu Bar in Photoshop. You can turn it on and off through the Windows menu, so if you don't see it on your screen, you definitely want to turn it on with Window > Options. The job of the Options Bar is to set the options of the tool you are about to use.

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In graphics and imaging, color saturation is used to describe the intensity of color in the image. A saturated image has overly bright colors. Using a graphics editing program-you can increase saturation on under-exposed images, or vise versa.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors(typically red, green, and blue primary colors)

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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an image to 100% size, double click the Zoom tool in the ToolPalette. The Hand tool can be used to size the image to fit the screen – to do this, double click the Hand tool.

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The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it. Simply hold down the spacebar while using any other tool, and the cursor changes into the Hand icon, enabling you to move the image around in its window by dragging.

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Cropping is the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos inPhotoshop

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The aspect ratio of the 35mm frame is 3:2. All fx and dx digital SLRs, regardless of sensor size or megapixels, use the 3:2 aspect ratio.

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the Straighten icon on the toolbar. Now drag a line across the photo, along an element which should be horizontal or vertical.

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The Paint Bucket Tool in Photoshop Elements: Overview. The Paint Bucket Tool in Photoshop Elements fills adjacent pixels that are similar in color value to pixels you select. It fills these pixels with either the selected foreground color or with a pattern

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The Brush tool is a basic painting tool. It works like a traditional drawing tool by applying the color using strokes.

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area.

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The Healing Brush tool allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc

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in that it matches the texture, lighting and shading of the sampled pixels to the source area. But, the Patch Tool uses selection-defined areas instead of a brush.

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allows you to duplicate part of an image.

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he move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys.

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The smudge tool is used to smear paint on your canvas. The effect is much like finger painting. You can use the smudge tool by clicking on the smudge icon and clicking on the canvas and while holding the mouse button down, dragging in the direction you want to smudge.

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This Tool works best when set to a 50% pupil Size and a 50% Darken amount. Click and drag around the eye, and let go.

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From the Options bar, you also can choose the type of gradient you want: Linear, Radial, Angle, Reflected, or Diamond. As a default, gradients are created using the current foreground and background colors.

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Masking layers is a valuable compositing technique for combining multiple photos into a single image or for removing a person or object from a photo

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The Adjustment Layers in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels.

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a lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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1. a very wide-angle lens with a field of vision covering up to 180°, the scale being reduced toward the edges.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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In photography and optics, vignetting (/vɪnˈjɛtɪŋ/, UK also /vɪˈnɛt-/; French: vignette) is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. ... Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations.

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Horizontal Type Tool creates and edits vector-based textin a separate layer.

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging) or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning). The more you paint over an area with the Dodge or Burn tool, the lighter or darker it becomes

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Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print.

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ponge tool is an amazing but not a well known tool that is incredibly useful. It allows you to chose a brushto desaturate or saturate a certain area on a picture.

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Adobe Photoshop/Blur Tool. The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred

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Sets the sharpening algorithm used to sharpen the image. Gaussian Blur is the method used by the Unsharp Mask filter.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; inphotography, and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light. ... Therefore, the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level

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Instead of taking several readings all over the subject, your camera's spot meter takes one from a tiny area of the subject

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is one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand.

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Evaluative Metering mode is the default meteringmode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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Center weighted metering places the highest importance in determining a correct exposure on information contained in the center of the frame.