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uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm. The more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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format factor or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference

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a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens), typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens). A true zoom lens, also called a parfocal lens, is one that maintains focus when its focal length changes.

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the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

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global adjustment of the intensities of the colors.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Click anywhere in the image to magnify it. Hold down the Alt key (or the Option key on the Mac) and click with the Zoom tool to zoom out. In either case, the zoom centers on the point you click.

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actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it. Simply hold down the spacebar while using any other tool, and the cursor changes into the Hand icon, enabling you to move the image around in its window by dragging.

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cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image

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aspect ratio deals with width and height. It basically describes how square (1:1) or wide (16:9) or image is. It's expressed as a figure, like this: width:height (width always comes first). The aspect ratioof the 35mm frame is 3:2.

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1. Choose the Ruler tool (I or Shift-I).

2. Drag along a feature in the image that you want to orient horizontally or vertically.A If you need to adjust the line, move either endpoint. The current angle is listed as the A value on the Options bar. ...

3. On the Options bar, click Straighten.B Easy!

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fills an area of an image based on color similarity. ... A low tolerance means only very similar colors will be affected, a high tolerance means more pixels will be affected

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allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color.

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left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges.

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Magic Wand Tool, known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges.

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quickly“paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool

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used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse.

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default healing toolin Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image

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part of the healing brush set of tools. These are the go-to tools for retouching and repairing your images. The Patch Tool is primarily used to repair larger areas of an image, or get rid of any distractions or blemishes.

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allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging)

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lighten or darken areas of the image

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saturates / desaturates image areas

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lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred

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enhances the definition of edges in an image

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simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag

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removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source.

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creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradientfills or create your own.

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fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to. This differs from the use of the layer Opacity slider as a mask has the ability to selectively modify the opacity of different areas across a single layer.

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a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels. With the adjustmentlayers, you can edit and discard your adjustments or restore your original image at any time.

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a lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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a very wide-angle lens with a field of vision covering up to 180°, the scale being reduced toward the edges.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques

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reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. ... Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations.

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allows direct on-image text editing. The only difference between the horizontal and vertical type tools is that the horizontal type tool adds text horizontally and the vertical type tool adds text vertically

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You create and manipulate your documents and files using various elements, such as panels, bars, and windows. Any arrangement of these elements is called a workspace.

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set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window.

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal

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user interface element that contains selectable commands and options for a specific program. In Windows, menu bars are typically located at the top of open windows. ... The View menu typically includes zoom commands and options to show or hide elements within the window

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where you would go to adjust settings for the currently active tool

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a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale

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metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure.

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refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes.

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default meteringmode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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located inside the camera, where it measures the brightness of the subject when exposed to light. ... The metering mode determines which areas of the frame are used by the camera to measure subject brightness and how the camerasets exposure.