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Five seconds before reading unit requirements: "OH joy! I can't wait! Five seconds into reading unit requirements: "OH sh#!………...It'll be alright." Five seconds after reading unit requirements: "I think I'm going to be sick, and what is this salty discharge leaking from my eyes?!"
The Padlet bot is telling me to remember that I am beautiful, but the stupid thing is wrong! I'm an inadequate fool soon to be exposed by my emotionally mature, intellectual superiors while I need the consoling image of my dysfunctional, cartoon family just so I can write this and my head doesn't explode. "Oh God oh God oh God oh God oh God...…………………………It'll be alright."
Such neurotic thoughts can spin comedy gold but are ultimately painful. This is nothing compared to those who endure constant pain and long for death to come: Their suffering is unimaginable. Instead of burdening them further with false hopes and guilt, attitudes should be supportive in helping them end their misery.
Therapy doesn't help serious mental illness or pain management, and I should know, I've seen a few psych professionals in my time. It's typical to leave sessions feeling like killing yourself, and you only went in there for insomnia. Most of them are about as much fun as contact sport in a leper colony. Let's make the inevitable fun: death. If anyone wants to check out early, let's find ways to make it easy, painless and non-messy for those left behind.

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30 second promotional video for:
1. My cartoon series.
2. Aboriginal art.
3. My animation feature on   David Unaipon.
4. My first novel.
5. My paintings.
6. Successful self-promotion without appearing self-absorbed.
7. Ear protectors for dogs.
8. Do humans still consider animals less important than humans, and why?
9. Vegetarian/veganism.
10. Is it ok to eat animals with personalities, like chickens?
11. Mental health.
10. How to deal with mental illness.
11. Euthanasia & suicide a personal choice.
12. Control freaks.
13. Phobias.
14. Germaphobia.
15. Social phobia.
16. Xenophobia.
17. Laziness.
18. Chronic Depression.
19. Chronic Anxiety.
20. Hope: what to do when you have none.
21. Usefulness: what to do when you have none.
22. Addictions: can they be useful?
23. Alcoholism.
24. Gambling.
25. Drugs.
26. Munchausen.
27. Resources.
28. Policing.
29. Medical staff.
30. Care workers.
31. Prison: useful or free board for deviants?
32. Judgmental Christians.
33. Spiritual hypocrites.
34. Global resources.
35. Critical mass.
36. Population control.
37. Food/water shortage.
38. Garbage: what to do with more landfill than planet.
39. Recycle: control manufacturing materials.
40. Pollution: control manufacturing waste products.
41. Ban high water agricultural farming in deserts like rice in Australia.
42. Ban farming introduced species over indigenous animals eg crocs instead of cattle in Australia.
43. Ban water generated power
44. Create more efficient water catchments like water tanks in basements.
45. Solar and wind powered energy buildings and vehicles built with recyclable parts.
46. Genetically modify insects to be more flavoursome so that the future generations can enjoy eating.
47. Value: Are educated/intelligent people held in higher esteem than the uneducated/unintelligent, and why?
48. Respect: Are people with certain career/job titles given greater respect than others -such as surgeons vs sex workers - and why?
49. Sexism.
50. Racism.
51. Is unpaid sex a realistic expectation for ugly people?
52. Is monogamy natural or monotonous?
53. Why are animals more loyal than humans?
54. Eulogies for the evil.
55. Is patriotism destructive?
56. Are humans natural warmongers or has evolution weeded out the passive?
57. Is a bored student indicative of a poor intellect?
58. If democracy is the power of the people, why do we allow psychopaths to rule us?
59. If life is so great, why do we have to work so hard to make it so?
60. If life is so great, why is fantasy better than reality?
61. Is good health and longevity better than a short life but a merry one?
NB If anyone actually reads this, know that these jokes are copyright protected by Greedy Banks Inc 2019, a subsidiary of Bonne Jones TM.

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Suicide/Euthanasia

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"There are no right or wrong answers" and "No one will judge your ideas" both are false statements. Preconceived ideas will immediately read into those ideas that challenge certain assumptions that are considered unethical, illegal, clinically antisocial, morbid or mentally ill because we are conditioned to think this way about the subject/act. For example, taking the overall theme and creating a mind-map that leads to questioning why suicide is really that bad, or why the idea of earth without humans is inconceivable; or, questioning whether life is really a series of things we do to stave boredom between birth and death. Because of assumptions, such ideas will be judged as being the thoughts of the chronically depressed instead of a curiously logical, non-assumptive 4-year old as suggested in the week 1 lecture. A 4-year old who thinks as any existentialist that life has no meaning, therefore there is nothing wrong in committing suicide except to free up medical resources; and, if the rate is high enough or occurs before breeding, global resources such as sustenance, space and pollution are also sustained for those who enjoy life.

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The Anti-suicide argument: "It's wrong."

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The Anti-suicide argument: "It's wrong."

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Mendelson, D & Bagaric, M 2013, 'Assisted suicide through the prism of the right to life', International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(5-6), 406-418.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.012

Mendelson & Bagaric claim to present an unbiased study on suicide and assisted suicide while stating from the beginning that the act is 'wrong'. The litigious aspect supports their findings, in particular that euthanasia (assisted suicide) is a criminal offense. There is a right to life but not a right to death. That, no matter what level of pain and indignity a person may suffer, the legal system and church beliefs will work diligently to protect their life.
They also try to put the argument forward that jurisdictions that decriminalise suicide show an increase rate in the phenomena. Although there is no evidence that decriminalisation causes suicide, it certainly shows the amount of miserable people that exist because they don't have the right to choose early death.

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unisa library catalogue search discovery books journals articles resources

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University of South Australia Study Room Bookings

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Goranson, A Ritter, RS Waytz, A Norton, MI & Gray, K 2017, 'Dying Is Unexpectedly Positive', Psychological Science, 28(7), 988–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617701186

The authors conducted a study to investigate the emotional reactions of people who are close to death compared to those who imagined their death. They discovered that those who only had days or minutes to live were extremely positive suggesting that the actual transition of death is pleasant as opposed to the imagined dread.
This study focuses on the terminally ill and death row inmates, but it provides some insight as to what a positive experience death could be for the suicidal person if allowed to choose what to do with their own life without guilt and judgment projected onto them by a narrow-minded public.
For future reference, a list of the top 15 best ways to die can be found at https://www.therichest.com/shocking/if-you-had-to-pick-these-are-the-15-best-ways-to-pass-away/

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In people's imagination, dying seems dreadful; however, these perceptions may not reflect reality. In two studies, we compared the affective experience of people facing imminent death with that of people imagining imminent death. Study 1 revealed that blog posts of near-death patients with cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were more positive and less negative than the simulated blog posts of nonpatients-and also that the patients' blog posts became more positive as death neared. Study 2 revealed that the last words of death-row inmates were more positive and less negative than the simulated last words of noninmates-and also that these last words were less negative than poetry written by death-row inmates. Together, these results suggest that the experience of dying-even because of terminal illness or execution-may be more pleasant than one imagines.

In our first study, to compare forecasts with experiences of death, we contrasted the affective tone of blog posts of terminally ill patients with that of simulated posts of nonpatient forecasters. To examine these writings, we used both LIWC and affect ratings by independent coders, which were important to include because LIWC is less focused on context (e.g., it codes "I am not happy" and "I am happy" as containing equal numbers of positive-affect words). Exploratory analyses also examined how the affective character of the terminally ill patients' language changed as they approached death. We hypothesized that affective forecasts about death would be inaccurate, and specifically that they would be less positive and more negative than the blog posts of the patients.

Method

Patients' blogs

The blogs about terminal cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were chosen using stringent selection criteria prior to any analysis. First, we narrowed the focus to cancer and ALS, because individuals terminally ill with these diseases retain mental functioning relatively far into the course of their illness (which is not the case for illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis). To find the blogs, we used Google to search for "cancer blog" and "ALS blog." We took the first 100 hits for each illness and then pared them down using the following three requirements. The first requirement was that the individual who was actually diagnosed with the illness-not a family member, friend, or spouse-was the author of the blog. The second requirement was that the individual died during the process of writing the blog-in other words, any blogs that were "in progress" were excluded from all analyses. We confirmed that each selected writer did, indeed, pass away by locating either his or her obituary or a blog post in which a family member or friend reported the death (and date) to the blog's followers. The third requirement was that the blog had at least 10 posts over a span of at least 3 months, which would provide sufficient time and data density for longitudinal analysis. Twenty cancer blogs and five ALS blogs met these criteria and yielded a total of 2,616 blog posts. Fifty-two percent of the bloggers were female, and 80% were American. The median number of posts per blog was 73 (range: 17-477), and the median number of weeks spanned before death was 57 (range: 12-171).

Each blog post was time-coded for the week that it was written; "0" indicated the week during which the death occurred, and negative numbers indicated the number of weeks prior to death (e.g., a post written 32 weeks before death was coded −32). For purposes of comparing nonpatients' forecasts about the death experience with patients' blogs, we selected the last 3 months (12 weeks) of blog posts as representing the "near death" period ( n = 597 posts). To ensure that 12 weeks was not an unrepresentative cutoff value, we performed robustness checks by comparing mean positive and negative affect in Week −12 with mean positive and negative affect for each other week from Week −8 through Week −16. As the 95% confidence intervals for Week −12 overlapped with those from the comparison weeks (see Fig. S1 in the Supplemental Material available online), we concluded that positive and negative affect in Week −12 were not unrepresentative of these data. This reassured us that results of comparing patients' blogs posts with nonpatients' forecasts would be similar across different near-death cutoffs.

Nonpatients' forecasts

To obtain forecasts of nonpatients, we recruited 50 participants on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Internet samples are often used in psychological research ( Skitka & Sargis, 2006), and MTurk samples provide reliability ( Buhrmester, Kwang, & Gosling, 2011) and quality ( Peer, Vosgerau, & Acquisti, 2014) equal to that of lab samples. Of the 50 participants recruited, 45 (23 female, 22 male; mean age = 38.8 years) successfully met length requirements (see the next paragraph) and followed directions. Given that we were unable to obtain complete demographic information from the bloggers, it was not possible to match the bloggers and nonpatient forecasters on demographic factors.

The nonpatient forecasters were asked to imagine that they had been diagnosed with terminal cancer and had created a blog in which they wrote about their experience with this illness. They were asked to "write a post for your blog, keeping in mind that you only have a few months left to live." The instructions specified that the non-patients should write at least 200 characters (approximately 40 words). Most wrote substantially more; the mean word count was 165.73 (range: 82−373). Many of these nonpatient forecasters reported that they found writing the post therapeutic.

Coding of the blog posts and forecasts

Positive and negative affect of the patients' blogs and nonpatients' forecasts were coded with the standard LIWC dictionaries ( Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007), which control for total word use. Despite its advantages, one limitation of LIWC in the present study is that it was designed to assess psychological processes rather than sentiment ( Pennebaker, Mayne, & Francis, 1997). Though existing studies have successfully used LIWC to examine affective content (e.g., Bantum & Owen, 2009; Kahn et al., 2007; Ullrich & Lutgendorf, 2002) and LIWC's estimates of affective experience have been shown to correlate with those of human raters ( Bantum & Owen, 2009), it may be slightly less sensitive to context than human raters are. For example, LIWC identifies "I am not happy" and "I am happy" as containing equal numbers of "positive" words because both sentences reflect psychological attention to the affective dimension of positivity ("happy"). Therefore, we sought a more specific measure of affective experience to provide convergent validity. For this purpose, we used MTurk coders to assess the affective content of the blogs and forecasts.

Each of 68 MTurk participants (39 female, 29 male; mean age = 32.16 years) coded five randomly selected posts of patients and five randomly selected forecasts of nonpatients, as pilot testing indicated that MTurk coders could rate a total of 10 posts without becoming fatigued. In total, these participants provided ratings for 248 of the patients' blog posts and 42 of the nonpatients' forecasts. The coders were blind to condition.

The coders were asked to imagine how each author felt when writing the blog post or forecast and then rated it using the items (e.g., upset, excited, scared, inspired ) from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). On a rating scale from 1 ( very slightly or not at all ) to 5 ( extremely), the coders indicated the extent to which they imagined the author felt each affect listed. Responses to the positive- and negative- affect items were averaged separately to create a positivity index (α = .91) and a negativity index (α = .91).

Reliability and replication

To test the reliability of the coding and the robustness of the results, we collected data from two additional samples. First, we recruited an MTurk sample with 75 participants (32 male; mean age = 33.19 years). They followed the same coding procedure with the same subset of posts and forecasts as the original MTurk sample (positive affect: α = .92; negative affect: α = .91). The correlation between samples for the affective ratings of each post and forecast was rather low: r(246) = .38, p < .001, for positive affect and r(246) = .39, p < .001, for negative affect. Accordingly, we recruited a sample of research assistants to serve as trained coders.

These three coders (1 female, 2 male; mean age = 21 years) were trained to code positive and negative affect in the blog posts and forecasts, and they met sporadically during the training to clarify confusions. After the training, for consistency with the original MTurk sample, we asked them to code the same subset of posts and forecasts. They independently rated each of the 290 posts and forecasts separately for positive affect ("How positive is the patient in this post?") and negative affect ("How negative is the patient in this post?"), using a Likert scale from 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( very). Interrater reliability was assessed using the KALPHA macro for SPSS ( Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007). These lab coders showed sufficient reliability for both positive (Krippendorff's α = .87) and negative (Krippendorff's α = .86) affect.

Results

LIWC comparisons between the patients' blogs and nonpatients' forecasts

Using LIWC, we compared the positive and negative affect of the patients and nonpatient forecasters by examining the percentage of positive- and negative-affect words they used ( Fig. 1). The nonpatient forecasters ( M = 2.25, SD = 1.49) used significantly more negative-affect words than the terminal patients did ( M = 1.70%, SD = 1.27%), t(640) = −2.78, 95% CI for the mean difference = [−0.94%, −0.16%], p = .006, d = 0.40. There were no significant differences in positive affect between the terminal patients ( M = 3.43%, SD = 1.84%) and the nonpatient forecasters ( M = 3.61%, SD = 1.66%), t(640) = 0.64, 95% CI for the mean difference = [−0.73%, 0.37%], p = .52, d = −0.10. Analyses also revealed that for the terminal patients (but not the forecasters), the ratio of positive- to negative-affect words was very similar to the ratio in the population norms reported in the LIWC psychometric manual ( Pennebaker et al., 2007; Pennebaker, Boyd, Jordan, & Blackburn, 2015; Tausczik & Pennebaker, 2010). This suggests that the forecasters imagined the experience of dying as different from the experience of everyday living-an incorrect assumption but one consistent with research on the pitfalls of affective forecasting ( Wilson et al., 2000).

One potential limitation of this study is that the patient bloggers and nonpatient forecasters (who each wrote only one "post") differed on the total amount of text written, given that the act of writing can improve coping with affective experiences ( Pennebaker, 1997). However, among the patients, the total number of blog entries was positively correlated with both the percentage of positive-affect words ( r = .06, p = .003) and the percentage of negative-affect words ( r = .16, p < .001), which suggests that increased writing did not unidirectionally increase positivity. In fact, an exploratory two-tailed Fischer's r-to- z test suggested that the total number of posts was more strongly correlated with the percentage of negative-affect words than with the percentage of positive-affect words ( z = 3.66, p = .0003). This test was somewhat underpowered, so these results should be taken with caution; however, situated within the broader pattern of results, they reinforce the idea that the act of writing does not exclusively increase positivity-at least, it did not in this sample.

Independent coders' ratings of the patients' blogs and nonpatients' forecasts

The original sample of MTurk coders rated the blog posts of the terminal patients significantly higher on positive affect ( M = 2.65, SD = 0.92) than the forecasts of the nonpatients ( M = 2.43, SD = 0.97), t(675) = −3.01, 95% CI for the mean difference = [−0.36, −0.08], p = .003, d = 0.23 (see Fig. 2). These coders also rated the posts of the terminal patients ( M = 2.00, SD = 0.86) as significantly lower in negative affect than the forecasts of the nonpatients ( M = 2.36, SD = 0.91), t(669) = 5.25, 95% CI for the mean difference = [−0.36, −0.08], p < .001, d = 0.41 (see Table S1 in the Supplemental Material for results for each of the 20 PANAS items). We also assessed whether the coders' ratings of positive and negative affect were influenced by their demographic characteristics, such as gender or age, and found that they were not, Fs < 0.90, ps > .60 (see the Supplemental Material for analyses of gender and age effects).

Consistent with the LIWC analyses, these results reveal that the experience of dying is less negative than people think. They also reveal that death is more positive than people believe, thus providing further evidence for the disconnect between imagining versus experiencing dying.

Replication

In summary, the results from these replication samples again indicate that dying from a terminal illness is less negative than merely thinking about dying and that dying from a terminal illness is either more positive than (MTurk coders) or as positive as (RA coders) merely thinking about dying.

Longitudinal LIWC analysis of the patients' blogs

As an exploratory investigation, we examined the affective character of the terminally ill patients' blogs over time. Given the hierarchical, nonindependent structure of these data, we used multilevel, random-slope, random-intercept models. Separate models were conducted for positive and negative affect (measured using LIWC scores), given their distinct properties ( Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1997) and the nature of the data available to us (see the Supplemental Material for results of models controlling for affect).

The models specified affect (Level 1) nested within blog (Level 2). They initially failed to converge because of the data distribution: There was a hard cutoff at Time 0 (blogs cannot be written posthumously), which exacerbated an otherwise mild positive skew of 0.55 ( SE = 0.048). We took the natural log of time to normalize the data, and then the models converged.1

These analyses indicated that positive affect increased significantly as the patients approached death, b = −0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = [−0.26, −0.02], p = .026, and despite laypeople's dread of death, negative affect did not increase significantly as the patients approached death, b = 0.008, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [−0.07, 0.09], p = .839 (see Figs. 3 and 4 for the change in positive and negative affect, respectively, in the individual patients' blogs).

We also examined the effects of specific negative emotions over time, again using multilevel models with affect nested within blog. Data for the LIWC categories of general affect, anger, sadness, and anxiety were all submitted to separate multilevel models. All models included random slopes and intercepts unless otherwise noted. The base model of general affect suggested that the change in general affect over time was marginally significant, b = −0.14, SE = 0.08, 95% CI = [−0.31, 0.02], p = .09; use of all affect words tended to increase over time. However, the use of words referring to anger, b = 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [−0.01, 0.07], p = .15, and anxiety, b = −0.002, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [−0.03, 0.02], p = .85, did not change over time. The use of sadness words over time showed a trend that may suggest that individuals increase their use of sadness words as they near death, b = −0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [−0.07, 0.004], p = .08. Because the slope variance was quite small in the anxiety model, we report the results of a reduced random-intercept, fixed-slope model that more appropriately fit these data. (See the Supplemental Material for models of positive affect controlling for negative affect and models of negative affect controlling for positive affect.)

Finally, because research suggests that writing can aid in coping with trauma (e.g., Pennebaker, 1997), we investigated whether we would still observe an increase in positive affect over time when we controlled for word count and total number of posts in a series of multilevel models. The effect of word count on positive affect was nonsignificant, b = −0.00007, SE = 0.0001, 95% CI = [−0.0003, 0.0002], p = .52, and the increase in positive affect remained significant over time when we controlled for word count, b = −0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = [−0.26, −0.02], p = .026, which suggests that the uptick in positive affect as death neared was not simply due to increased writing over time. Moreover, the number of words per blog entry did not change over time, b = −18.34, SE = 23.02, 95% CI = [−66.48, 29.80], p = .44, which suggests that the increased positivity found as the patients neared death cannot be accounted for solely by increased volume of writing in each post.

The effect of the total number of blog posts on positive affect was also nonsignificant, b = −0.0008, SE = 0.0008, 95% CI = [−0.002, 0.0009], p = .372, and positive affect still increased significantly over time when we controlled for the total number of posts per blog, b = −0.13, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = [−0.25, −0.01], p = .03. Taken together, these analyses suggest that neither writing longer posts nor writing a greater number of posts can fully account for the increase in positive affect over time that we observed.

These longitudinal results complement the forecasting results reported earlier, as they reveal that terminal patients become more positive as they approach death. This results from increased focus on meaning-making frameworks, such as religion and relationships with close friends and family, during one's final days (see the Supplemental Material for exploratory analyses of the effects of these factors). Of course, there are limitations to this study: The terminal patients were still some distance from death when they started blogging ( M = 68.24 weeks, SD = 46.08), the total number of blogs in our sample was not large, and the blog writers were a self-selected sample. Study 2 addressed these limitations by using a large sample of one-time reports obtained immediately before death: the final words of death-row inmates.

This study examined the affect of death-row prisoners immediately before execution, contrasting their last words with the imagined last words of forecasters and with poetry written by death-row inmates, who constitute a matched sample further from death. We again used both LIWC and independent coders to assess emotional content. Given the results of Study 1, we predicted that inmates' last words would be more positive and less negative than affective forecasts or poetry written by death-row inmates.

Method

Death-row inmates' last words

Inmates' last words were gathered from the Texas Department of Justice, which lists all executed prisoners' last words from 1982 to the present. Our analyses included all last words from December 7, 1982, to June 26, 2013 ( N = 500 inmates). However, 104 inmates either were reported to have given no last statement or simply had a recorded last statement of "no" or some variant thereof. Thus, the final sample consisted of the last words of 396 inmates.

Of the executed prisoners, 225 were White or Caucasian, 187 were Black, 86 were Hispanic, and 2 were identified as "other." Four hundred ninety-five were male, and 5 were female. The mean age was 38.76 years. The final statements had a mean number of 110.15 words (range: 1-1,269).

Death-row inmates' poetry

To create a well-matched sample for comparison with death-row last words, we gathered a sample of poetry ( N = 188 poems) written by death-row inmates. We searched the University of North Carolina's library system and gathered all books with death-row poetry-five in total. In addition, we included in our sample all of the poems from the Web site that compiled death-row poetry at the time we conducted this study, humanwrites.org. Each poem was entered into a text file to make it compatible with LIWC.

Noninmates' forecasts

One-hundred fifty participants were recruited from MTurk. Of this group, 117 successfully followed directions and passed attention checks (53 female, 64 male; mean age = 33.89 years). The forecasters imagined that they had been found guilty of a crime that is punishable by death, were on death row, and would be executed the next day. They were instructed as follows: "Take a moment to place yourself in this situation. Try to imagine what you would think about the day before your execution. Try to feel the emotions you would feel when facing execution." They were then asked to write their last statement. Participants wrote a mean of 41.61 words (range: 1-169).

Independent coding of the last words, forecasts, and poetry

We analyzed the affective content of the inmates' last words, the noninmates' forecasts, and the inmates' poetry using LIWC. To complement this analysis, as in Study 1, we asked a sample of MTurk participants to code the positive and negative affect of these texts using the PANAS. Forty condition-blind MTurk participants (20 female, 20 male; mean age = 34.02) each rated 10 randomly selected texts (5 last words, 5 forecasts). In total, this gave us 200 ratings of last words and 200 ratings of noninmates' forecasts. As in Study 1, indices for positive affect (α = .91) and negative affect (α = .81) were created.

A separate group of 45 MTurk participants (22 female, 23 male; mean age = 33.00 years) rated 10 randomly selected death-row inmates' poems using the PANAS; a total of 169 of the possible 188 poems were coded. These participants rated only true death-row poetry, as there was no forecasted poetry. The poems were randomly selected. Positive- and negative-affect ratings were again averaged separately to create a positivity index (α = .87) and a negativity index (α = .86).

Reliability and replication

To test the reliability of the coding and the robustness of the results, we collected data from two additional samples, as in Study 1, focusing on the comparison between inmates' last words and noninmates' forecasts.

An MTurk sample of 40 participants (18 female, 22 male; mean age = 36.05 years) followed the same coding procedure for positive affect (α = .88) and negative affect (α = .86) as the original MTurk sample, using with the same subset of inmates' last words and noninmates' forecasts. The correlation between samples for the affective ratings of each text was rather low: r(246) = .38, p < .001, for positive affect and r(246) = .39, p < .001, for negative affect. Accordingly, we asked the trained research assistants from Study 1 to rate the same subset of texts on positive affect ("How positive is the inmate in this last statement?") and negative affect ("How negative is the inmate in this last statement?"), using a scale from 1 ( not at all) to 5 ( very; α = .95 for positive affect and α = .96 for negative affect). Interrater reliability was calculated using the KALPHA macro for SPSS ( Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007) and was reasonable for both positive (Krippendorff's α = .76) and negative (Krippendorff's α = .79) affect.

Results

LIWC comparisons of inmates' last words, inmates' poetry, and noninmates' forecasts

A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that last words, forecast last words, and death-row poetry differed significantly in both negative affect, F(2, 695) = 28.10, p < .001, ηp ² = .075, and positive affect, F(2, 695) = 4.54, p = .011, ηp ² = .013 (see Fig. 5 for means). The death-row inmates' last words ( M = 2.61%, SD = 2.76%, 95% CI = [2.02%, 3.20%]) used a significantly lower percentage of negative-affect words than did the inmates' poetry ( M = 5.12%, SD = 6.11%, 95% CI = [4.26%, 5.98%]), and both the last words and the poetry contained less negative affect than the noninmates' forecasts ( M = 7.00%, SD = 11.57%, 95% CI = [5.90%, 8.11%]). In addition, the percentage of positive-affect words was higher in the last words ( M = 9.23%, SD = 7.49%, 95% CI = [8.14%, 10.32%]) and death-row poetry ( M = 10.25%, SD = 17.55%, 95% CI = [8.67%, 11.83%]) than in the forecast last words ( M = 6.37%, SD = 6.62%, 95% CI = [5.14%, 7.60%]). The inmates' last words and poetry did not differ significantly from each other in positive affect.2

Consistent with the results of Study 1, these results reveal that forecasters overestimate the negativity and underestimate the positivity of dying. Death-row inmates' last words are less negative but not more positive than their poetry, which suggests that forecasters (death-row poets) also overestimate the negativity of life under an eventual death sentence. Of course, death-row poetry is not a perfect control for last words, as this poetry is not always specifically about dying, and poetic death-row inmates may be generally more negative and less positive than death-row inmates who do not write poetry. However, prior research suggests that experience with poetry is linked to less use of negative words rather than more ( Kao & Jurafsky, 2012). Future research could more fully investigate differences in affect between (a) poetry and other types of writing, (b) different types of poetry, and (c) different types of poets (e.g., amateurs vs. professionals).

Exploratory analyses revealed that, compared with noninmates' forecasts, death-row last words had higher rates of words in the LIWC categories of religion and social connection (  ps < .05; see Table S4 in the Supplemental Material for results for each LIWC category), factors previously shown to be associated with stress and well-being ( Cohen & Wills, 1985; Mochon, Norton, & Ariely, 2011). Exploratory bootstrapped mediation analyses using the SPSS PROCESS macro ( Hayes, 2012, 2013) further revealed that the increased use of religion and social-connection words in the last words partially mediated the differences in positive affect between the last words and forecasts, bs > −0.09, ps < .05. Religion also partially mediated group differences in negative affect (see Figs. S2-S5 in the Supplemental Material for mediation results for both positive and negative words). These analyses suggest that religion and other meaning-making processes and ideologies may help allay death anxiety for individuals for whom death is salient (for a full review of religion's effects on death anxiety, see Jong & Halberstadt, 2016).

Independent coders' ratings of inmates' last words, inmates' poetry, and noninmates' forecasts.3

A one-way ANOVA on the independent coders' ratings revealed that last words, forecast last words, and death-row poetry differed significantly in both negative affect, F(2, 847) = 11.97, p < .001, ηp ² = .027, and positive affect, F(2, 847) = 10.02, p < .001, ηp ² = .023 (see Fig. 6 for means). The inmates' last words were rated as less negative ( M = 1.96, SD = 0.83, 95% CI = [1.84, 2.06]) than the death-row poetry ( M = 2.19, SD = 0.80, 95% CI = [2.12, 2.27]), and the noninmates' forecasts were rated as the most negative ( M = 2.33, SD = 0.81, 95% CI = [2.23, 2.46]). Also, the last words ( M = 2.24, SD = 0.77, 95% CI = [2.12, 2.35]) and death-row poetry ( M = 2.39, SD = 0.86, 95% CI = [2.32, 2.47]) were rated as more positive than the forecast last words ( M = 2.08, SD = 0.78, 95% CI = [1.98, 2.21]). Inmates' last words and inmates' poetry did not differ significantly from each other in ratings of positive affect.4 (For mean ratings of specific PANAS items, see Table S2 in the Supplemental Material.)

Results in context

These results further suggest that death is more positive than people believe, and less negative than suggested by the affective content of death-row poetry. However, it is important to note that the noninmate forecasters differed in many ways from the death-row inmates. Although the inmates and noninmate forecasters were in the same age range, the mid to upper 30s on average (inmates: M = 38.75 years; noninmates: M = 33.89 years), other potential differences between the two samples include differences in education, race, and religion; for this reason, we also analyzed poetry written by death-row prisoners, who more closely match the demographics of the last-words sample. Of course, this control also had limitations, and we acknowledge that future research would benefit from more closely matched comparison groups (e.g., prisoners sentenced to life without parole).

Also, although poetry was limited as a sample of writing for our purposes because it need not directly concern death (although many poems do), it allowed us to assess change in positivity and negativity over time, as in the exploratory longitudinal analyses of Study 1. Unlike Study 1, which revealed an increase in positivity but no change in negativity as death neared, this study revealed no change in positivity but a decrease in negativity. Taken together, however, these longitudinal results suggest that death never becomes worse as one approaches it, and either becomes more pleasant or less unpleasant.

Most important, the key finding of this study-and that of Study 1-is that forecasters overestimate the negativity and underestimate the positivity of dying.

Given that the observed effects varied in magnitude across our studies and coding methods, we performed an internal meta-analysis using all effect sizes (Cohen's ds) from comparisons of individuals facing imminent death and those only imagining imminent death ( Table 1). Averaging across coding methods and studies revealed clear evidence for our hypotheses. Relative to individuals who are imagining death, those who are about to die are more positive ( d = 0.31) and less negative ( d = 0.48).

Meta-Analysis of the Effect Sizes (Cohen's d s) for Comparisons of Terminally Ill Patients' Blogs and Inmates' Last Words With Nonpatients' and Noninmates' Forecasts

Death is inevitable, but dread is not. These two studies reveal that the experience of dying is unexpectedly positive. Not only do the blog posts of terminally ill patients tend to become more positive as death approaches, but they also tend to be less negative and more positive than the forecasts of nonpatients (Study 1). The last words of death-row inmates are also more positive and less negative than the forecasts of noninmates (Study 2)-in part because of a differential focus on social connection and religion. Although results varied somewhat across different coding methods, one fact is clear from our internal meta-analysis: In every comparison, dying was either more positive or less negative-or both-than people imagined it to be.

These findings are consistent with previous research calling into question the assumed link between death and feelings of dismay ( DeWall & Baumeister, 2007; Kashdan et al., 2014). Nevertheless, open questions remain. Although we used two distinct samples of people facing death, our results may not generalize to all people as they near death, such as those who die from old age. However, as people tend to focus more on the positive as they age, the effects we observed could be even stronger in the elderly ( Reed & Carstensen, 2012). Our experiments included multiple controls-forecasts from laypeople, within-participants longitudinal analyses, independent coders, and matched poetry samples-but inclusion of additional comparison groups would be informative and would strengthen future research on this topic. Furthermore, although personally dying may be better than expected, standing by while a loved one dies may take a different affective course.

Given the growing aging population, this work has potential to inform the contentious political debate surrounding palliative care ( Hughes-Hallett, Craft, Davies, Mackay, & Nielsson, 2011). Currently, the medical system is geared toward avoiding death-an avoidance that is often motivated by views of death as terrible and tragic ( Gawande, 2014). This focus is understandable given cultural narratives of death's negativity, but our results suggest that death is more positive than people expect: Meeting the grim reaper may not be as grim it seems.

Acknowledgements

We thank Emma Barthold, Lindsey Helms, Arianna Holder, David Luong, Alex Martin, Betsy Neill, Gracie Reinecke, Hristo Shimerov, and Mary Smith for their assistance.

Notes

1.
When we excluded blog posts less than 25 words long, this did not affect the overall pattern of results, so we report analyses using the full data set (see the Supplemental Material for results excluding posts less than 25 words long).

2.
We note that 10 inmates' last words were at least partially written. Results were the same as those reported here when we excluded these 10 statements.

3.
We wondered whether individuals would be able to tell the difference between death-row last statements and noninmates' forecasts, so we had 151 MTurk workers (72 female) read 30 last statements (15 by inmates, 15 by noninmate forecasters) and rate whether they thought a death-row prisoner or an MTurk worker had written each one. A multilevel model revealed that participants could not distinguish between the groups, b = 0.003, SE = 0.06, p = .95. For a full description of the method and results, see the Supplemental Material.

4.
As a robustness check, we examined whether the results remained similar when we excluded all statements with fewer than 25 words-as these short statements may skew results. This exclusion did not affect the pattern of results, so we report results of analyses using the full data set. See the Supplemental Material for results of the analyses with statements less than 25 words long excluded.

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In people's imagination, dying seems dreadful; however, these perceptions may not reflect reality. In two studies, we compared the affective experience of people facing imminent death with that of people imagining imminent death.

# data[].attributes.body
Ashwood, J Briscombe, B Ramchand, R May, E & Burnam, M 2015, 'Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of CalMHSAʹs Investment in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training' (ASIST), in Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of CalMHSA’s Investment in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, pp. 1-13. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15sk8zn.1

The authors present statistical data on the suicide rate in the U.S. over the period from 2011 to 2015. On average, the 13 people in 100,000 suiciding costs the country 34.6 billion dollars in medical/hospital costs and employment downtime. This is because attempts are made to save people who want to die.
The claim is made that intervention programs will save over $US1100 for every dollar spent. This is a projected saving based on no evidence. Moreover, are the people who failed at suicide any happier now, or are they living a life of misery?
It would be very interesting to know the outcome of letting people get on with killing themselves. Will the rate increase because it is socially acceptable as in the Netherlands, or would it stabilise since only those who generally want to die will suicide. Either way, it would be more cost effective. According to the U.S. and Australian Bureau of Statistics, and the World Health Organisation, suicide is quite low on the list of causes of death:
http://www.abs.gov.au/Causes-of-Death
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
However, the costs of prevention and medical treatment is huge.

# data[].attributes.headline
Is human life & extinction important, or no matter?

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Is human life & extinction important, or no matter?

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Benatar, D 2010, 'Life, Death, and Meaning : Key Philosophical Readings on the Big Questions', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD ProQuest Ebook Central.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unisa/reader.action?docID=4187290

Philosopher, David Benatar has compiled published works on the subject of life from an existential view. Beginning with whether life has meaning-from an objective perspective it obviously cannot be considered as meaningful; from a subjective view, there are many variables from whose life-human or all life-and how we measure meaningfulness. He then uses the polar views of Hume, Kant and Descartes's to consider the great existential question regarding suicide.
Regardless of life holding meaning dependent on the beliefs held, it only serves as pessimistic to those with a massive ego who considers everything that they do as seriously meaningful. Life can still be enjoyed to the death, it doesn't mean we should all jump off a cliff. What it does mean, however, is that committing suicide is just as reasonable as the decision to breed: It's a personal choice. It's just unfortunate that many times it seems that these choices afflict the rest of us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
unisa library catalogue search discovery books journals articles resources

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University of South Australia Study Room Bookings

# data[].attributes.body
Smith, J 2014, 'Human impact on environment', in Matthews, J (ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental change, SAGE Publications, Ltd., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 536-537
doi:10.4135/9781446247501.n1918.
Today we have vast areas of land that have been degraded through poor farming techniques and polluted waterways because of agri-run off: This means limited sustenance for future generations.
Today we have vast areas of land damaged by housing and industrial sites that, in short, have caused high pollutants and greenhouse gases: This means limited areas of land for future generations to live with sustainable air and temperatures.
Today the shear number of humans enjoying recreational activities from hiking to motor-cross cause long-term damage to the soil and ecosystem. Our ignorance and complacency that scientists will fix everything is a falsehood according to environmentalists (Macionis & Plummer 2015, Pt 5).
So, in light of these facts, it seems crazier to make such an effort to try stopping people from killing themselves instead of accepting their situation and making it easier and more pleasant for them. Let's not placate them with projected ideas that they have a purpose and will miss out on certain experiences: They won't!

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University of South Australia Study Room Bookings

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Who

This promotion is targeted towards health professionals and adults who choose the right to die. There is a difference between euthanasia and assisted dying: The latter entails a medical professional administering a lethal chemical for individuals to kill themselves; euthanasia requires medical staff to administer lethal chemicals to individuals directly. This is largely reserved for the terminally ill if at all. It is also treated with great seriousness and compassion (Twycross 1982). A survey revealed that 60% of terminally ill people would choose an early death, but were too scared to kill themselves. Similarly, medical professionals know that all patients die, but euthanising them may be considered a burden that is difficult to live with (Twycross 1982).
The latter is largely because the decision to allow a patient to die is made by a medical practitioner instead of the patient (Twycross 1982). Attitudinally, it is all a very serious and sombre event that must make the process all the more arduous. Additionally, it doesn't cater for the mentally ill or the young who are tormented because the decisions lie with health professionals. As with abortion, change the laws and allow adults to make the decisions about their bodies. Everybody dies and everybody (sane people) cry, so let death be as happy an experience as possible, especially for those about to leave us. If a message about suicide is delivered with humour and considered callous and offensive to those who are wishing to die, then it is likely that they are in need of attention and require mental health treatment for other reasons. Genuine people who want to die, no matter what the reason, will likely find it a relief from the existing stifling attitudes; and it is common knowledge that endorphins are released with laughter.

Why

Attitudes towards suicide and euthanasia should be positive and fun to make the process easier and less painful for the dying and those choosing to die. The approach being so extreme from the norm is intended to reduce the seriousness.
How
The video will be delivered using humour in the hope of grabbing audience attention.

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Colour choices, typography & emotional tone

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Colour choices, typography & emotional tone

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Note: These colours have been altered to those at the bottom of this post.
Emotional colour choices (see below)
Triad colour scheme of blue(primary) contrasted with yellow and pink. Colours symbolic of the following:
Blue (#699BD3): Trust, dependable, strength
Pink (#F46E90): Creative, imaginative, wise
Yellow (#FFF373): Optimism, clarity, warmth
To me, however, these colours represent the most common colour combination used in The Simpsons cartoon series: The most successful adult cartoon show that dealt with socio-political issues with irreverence, including suicide.
Emotional tone

Comedic, somewhat irreverent but intelligent: The complete opposite  of how it has been discussed in the past.

Why

The attitude towards suicide and euthanasia is typically negative and controlling. Certainly, many health professionals will find the video reprehensible and offensive: Perfect! It will stay with the audience and open up discussion with the influence to question why we hold such depressing emotional thoughts about an experience that will occur eventually; at best, attitudes of pro-death will emerge. I'm sure there were many similar professionals fighting those lobbying for abortion back in the day. Women in most countries now have the right to do as they wish with their bodies, so should it be for all people to do as they wish with their lives.

Typography (see below)
To stay within the satirical theme, using Showcard Gothic font in black text seemed the most appropriate. It is theatrical, animated and lacks subtlety and seriousness. (I think it is also used for The Simpsons 'Itchy and Scratchy' cartoon)

Colours and fonts have been changed since review:
#b2a0c0 background
#f941b3 type
#000000 type
Myriad Hebrew - font

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Mrs Wilson lies in the Elders' Village in Anytown, Australia. She has nurses to wash her; change her soiled sanitary pads; check the machines that keep her heart and lungs working; and, of course, she is fed regularly through an intravenous drip. Sometimes Mrs Wilson regains consciousness and asks the nurses the whereabouts of her husband. The nurses patiently shake their head saying, "Nooo, your husband died years ago, I tell you every time." There is no machine to make her brain work for her dementia.
The end message: Euthanasia, have your say. A phone number is provided for people to vote.

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1. Should people have to exist in agony?

Geralt https://pixabay.com/en/man-face-psychosis-head-hands-2877136/

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2. Little pets like this are euthanised every day: sometimes because they have no owner and sometimes because they are in pain.

EXPRESS UK https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/815494/Student-vets-screening-high-suicide-rates-vetlife-mental-health JUNE 11 2017

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3. Quality of life isn't important to some people.

We know your dreams http://weknowyourdreams.com/suicide/suicide-14.html

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4.Will this make me fat?

# data[].attributes.body
Let the machines do everything, why should we have to exert our lungs.

cleankidsmagazin 2013, Hospital, accessed Feb 26, 2019, https://pixabay.com/photos/hospital-clinic-medical-doctor-894494/

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6. The right to die: have your say

Conservative Party
https://www.conservatives.org.au/assisted_suicide_survey

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Nofeedbak 2006, Bpcycle, accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/nofeedbak/sounds/21857/

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DWTKenInNY 1972, Smetana: Bartered Bride, Dance of the Comedians (Ormandy), accessed Feb 20 2019, https://archive.org/details/SmetanaBarteredBrideDanceOfTheComediansormandy

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Smetana: The Bartered Bride - Dance Of The Comedians

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Eugene Ormandy: Philadelphia Orchestra - The Fantastic Philadelphians

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.title
Smetana: The Bartered Bride - Dance Of The Comedians

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Rationale: music like smell helps to set a mood; it tells the audience the genre. Each of the pieces of music make it clear that the promotional video is intended to be humourous. The opening scene will be an edited version of:

Floxul 2016, William Tell Overture Part 1, accessed Feb 20 2019 <https://archive.org/details/William20Tell20Overture> (5:52 – 6:02)

# data[].attributes.body
Ashwood, J Briscombe, B Ramchand, R May, E & Burnam, M 2015, 'Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of CalMHSAʹs Investment in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training' (ASIST), in Analysis of the Benefits and Costs of CalMHSA’s Investment in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, pp. 1-13. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15sk8zn.1

Benatar, D 2010, 'Life, Death, and Meaning : Key Philosophical Readings on the Big Questions', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD, ProQuest Ebook Central.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unisa/reader.action?docID=4187290.

Catchsounds 2016, Doors, accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/catchsounds/sounds/351220/ (metal rattling from drug trolley)

Cleankidsmagazin 2013, Hospital, accessed Feb 26, 2019, https://pixabay.com/photos/hospital-clinic-medical-doctor-894494/

Conservative Party
https://www.conservatives.org.au/assisted_suicide_survey

DWTKenInNY 1972, Smetana: Bartered Bride, Dance of the Comedians (Ormandy), accessed Feb 20 2019, https://archive.org/details/SmetanaBarteredBrideDanceOfTheComediansormandy

EXPRESS UK https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/815494/Student-vets-screening-high-suicide-rates-vetlife-mental-health JUNE 11 2017

F1Digitals 2016, ECG, accessed Feb 24, 2019, https://pixabay.com/en/videos/ecg-heartbeat-heart-fibrillation-4170/

Floxul 2016, William Tell Overture Part 1, accessed Feb 20 2019 <https://archive.org/details/William20Tell20Overture> (5:52 – 6:02)

Garrido, MM Allison, KC Bergeron, MJ Dowd, B 2012, Hospital Religious Affiliation and Outcomes for High-Risk Infants. Medical Care Research and Review 69:3, pages 316-338

Geralt https://pixabay.com/en/man-face-psychosis-head-hands-2877136/

Gezortenplotz 2006, Hospital IV machine, accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/gezortenplotz/sounds/19553/

Goranson, A., Ritter, RS, Waytz, A, Norton, MI, & Gray, K 2017, 'Dying Is Unexpectedly Positive', Psychological Science, 28(7), 988–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617701186

Josemdelaa 2016, Watch, accessed Feb26, 2019, https://pixabay.com/videos/clock-camera-quick-passage-of-time-3019/

Macionis J. & Plummer K. 2015 Sociology: A Global Introduction (5th Ed). Part 5 Pp 828-919. Pearson, England

McCoy, H 1935,  They shoot horses, don't they?  Simon & Schuster, US.

Mendelson, D & Bagaric, M 2013, 'Assisted suicide through the prism of the right to life', International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(5-6), 406-418.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.012

Mortifreshman 2014, Clock ticking, accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/Mortifreshman/sounds/237210/

Padrinan 2017, Gloves, accessed Feb 24, 2019, https://pixabay.com/en/videos/gloves-hospital-white-latex-hand-11850/

RICHERlandTV 2014, Ripping, accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/RICHERlandTV/sounds/216088/

RobVanDerMeijden 2017, Grave, accessed March 7, 2019, https://pixabay.com/photos/grave-cemetery-rip-tombstone-d-2036220/

Smith, J 2014, 'Human impact on environment', in Matthews, J (ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental change, SAGE Publications, Ltd., Thousand Oaks,, CA, pp. 536-537
doi:10.4135/9781446247501.n1918

SooundsofTh 2018, Footsteps to listener and away (squeaky heal), accessed Feb 20 2019, https://freesound.org/people/SooundsofTh/sounds/434941/

Truthseeker08 2016, Hospice, accessed Feb 26, 2019, https://pixabay.com/photos/hospice-hand-in-hand-holding-hand-1794418/

Twycross, R 1982, 'Debate: Euthanasia--a physician's viewpoint', Journal of Medical Ethics, 8(2), 86-95.

Voltamax 2018, Medicine, accessed Feb 24, 2019, https://pixabay.com/en/videos/medicine-stripes-equipment-16752/