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Linda Brown, an African American third-grader in Topeka, Kansas, was not allowed to go to an elementary school that she lived just blocks away from because it was a whites-only school. The NAACP recruited Brown's parents and other residents in Topeka to challenge segregation in public schools. Thurgood Marshall, the first African American ever to serve on court, was the one to argue the case before the supreme court. The court was aware of how significant the case was and it heard arguments over a two year period. All 9 justices that separate schools for African Americans and whites violated the 14th Amendment. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that schools segregated by race were unconstitutional. It was on May 17, 1954, that the Supreme Court made it's official rule that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. What makes this event so important to the Civil Rights Movement is because it overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case of "separate but equal." Even though the decision only applied to segregation in public education, it set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement. An issued that arose after the ruling was the court offered no guidance on how or when desegregation would occur. Some states quickly prepared to integrate the new law, while others did not.

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Rosa Parks led this movement in Montgomery, Alabama and it lasted from Dec 5, 1955 – Dec 20, 1956. She sat in a seat in the African American section of the bus, but when the white section filled up and she was asked to move, she refused to. Even though she was arrested, she inspired the NAACP to stage a one day bus boycott. Martin Luther King Jr. quickly became this movement's leader. The Bus Boycotts made it difficult to African Americans to get places, and the bus companies started losing money because about 2/3 of their riders were blacks. Eventually the courts got involved and it was decided that segregated buses were unconstitutional.

This boycott was important to the Civil Rights movement because it was one of the first times that African Americans realized they could take a stand for their own freedom. This was one of the first movements that inspired a whole community to come together to stand up for African American rights. Without Rosa Parks, this whole movement would not have even started. African Americans soon learned from her example that they could do simple things to make a change in how they were treated. They used this movement to get across their message that separate was equal.

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On February 1, 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four African American college student began a sit-in. They went to the lunch counter and sat down, and ordered some coffee. They were denied because of their race, but refused to get up and leave. They expected to be arrested, but when they were not, they sat until the store closed. They returned with more students the next day, until 63 of the counter's 66 seats were filled with protestors. These students stayed nonviolent and well-behaved, even when they were harassed by people shouting at them, physical shoving them from the chairs, or dumping food and drinks on them. This type of protest gained much support, even from whites, and by April of 1960, about 2,000 protestors had been arrested because of sit-ins. Local businesses finally gave in and changed their rules to end segregation.

The sit-in movement played a large part in the Civil Rights Movement. It gave students and adults the chance to protest against segregation, uniting them. The media attention the protest gained portrayed the people throwing things at the protestors to be the bad guys, giving the protestors more support as they went through with their non-violent ways. This protest helped change many local laws, ending segregation in some communities. This movement helped show people that peaceful protest can pay off.

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In the early 1960s, CORE decided to take the idea of the sit-ins to buses. There had recently been a law passed that bus stations must be open to all passengers. However, this law was not being enforced. CORE decided to test these laws by sending buses of African Americans on a trip through the south. At each stop they would try to use the facilities, and when they were met with racial violence, the government would be forced to interfere with the crisis. On May 4, 1961 thirteen volunteers left DC. They only experienced mile harassment, until they reached Anniston, Alabama. A mob of people firebombed the bus, and beat the freedom riders inside. The media captured multiple photos depicting the violence of this attack. The Federal Interstate Commerce Commission issued strict rules about the segregation of bus and train stations.

The freedom riders help the Civil Rights Movement by using the media to their advantage. They were able to go about their non-violent protest and have the media portray the people firebombing the bus as the extremists. They played a big part in trying to make the laws regarding segregation stay enforced. They push the limits and how to be brave, as some of them knew they might be killed on this trip. The freedom riders helped fight segregation and used the media to gain support in the Civil Rights Movement.

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The idea of Black Power Movement was originally introduced when Stokely Carmichael replaced John Lewis as the new head of SNCC. He abandoned the philosophy of non-violence, and used the raised arm with a clenched fist as the movement's symbol. His slogan quickly became "Black Power". Carmichael used his slogan to represent how African Americans need to depend on themselves to solve problems, and that they still could try to attain economic and political power. Although critics thought of this movement as a call to violent action, Carmichael's movement quickly became endorsed by SNCC and CORE in 1966.

The Black Power movement was a huge factor in the Civil Rights Movement. It represented the tipping point from when African Americans were done with nonviolent protests, and they all just wanted to take a stand in a big way. The Black Power movement united lots of African Americans under the common idea that they wanted to get their message across in a way that would make the other side finally see it, even if that meant using violence. The Black Power movement was a uniting protest, but some critics still thought it was too extreme in their violent methods.

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On August 9th, 1963, 200,000 Americans crowed before the Lincoln Memorial as part of the March Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The last person to speak was Dr. King. His iconic speech is known as the I Have a Dream Speech. He addressed the crowd and nation with deeply moving words of justice and spoke from the heart. The key message in the speech is that all people are created equal, and he believed that one day that statement would be true in America. He felt there had to be a permanent change for the future.

MLK's speech remains to be one of the most famous speeches in history and it has endured to be one of the most remarkable moments in the Civil Rights Movement. His speech eventually led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited discrimination in all public places.

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Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have A Dream Speech

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Malcolm X: "Message to the Grassroots" Speech

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Malcolm X: "Message to the Grassroots" Speech

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On December 10, 1963, Malcolm X gave a speech at a rally in Detroit, Michigan. The speech portrayed his Black Nationalist philosophy, and he even criticized parts of the Civil Rights Movement. In his speech he references "Uncle Tom" multiple times, as well as "Uncle Tom's Cabin".

At this point in time, Malcolm X is still the most recognized spokesperson for the Black Muslims. His speech was almost the complete opposite of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" because while King's advocated for peaceful protest, Malcolm X spoke about violent revolution as the only way to accomplish goals for African Americans. His speech embodies his values of defiance and black pride.