# data[].attributes.body
Ross, Loretta, editor. "Treaties and the Treaty Relationship." Canada's History  www.canadashistory.ca/education/kayak-in-the-classroom/treaties. Accessed
31 Oct. 2018.
Hall, Anthony J., editor. "Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada."
Canadian Encyclopedia, 6 June 2011, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/
article/aboriginal-treaties. Accessed 31 Oct. 2018.
"What Are the Treaties? Two Different Views." Canada's First People,
firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_treaties/fp_treaties_two_views.html. Accessed
31 Oct. 2018.
Aquash, Mark. "First Nations in Canada: Decolonization and Self-Determination."
Ie in Education, ineducation.ca/ineducation/article/view/142/617.
Accessed 31 Oct. 2018.

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How could an understanding and education affect change? 

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How could an understanding and education affect change? 

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To be educated and have understanding of how or why things happened in the past, can affect our mentality of how we deal with  things in the future. For example,  HIV/AIDS virus was  a crisis for years. Over the years, we as a society got educated about the disease and about taking precautions. The situation ever since has been getting better. Education helps preventing bad experiences from the past, from happening again. Which is how it affects change

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How could an understanding and education affect change?

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How could an understanding and education affect change?

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Education is understanding and understanding is education. Education is a way of understanding materials or the world around us. “Education has become one of the clearest indicators of life outcomes such as employment, income and social status, and is a  strong predictor of attitudes and well being, according to a new report”( ESRC). As said in this quote you need a strong education to be able to understand the world around you. In any province in Canada, education should be one of the important focuses like cultures , different histories and religion. Learning mistakes of our ancestors that we don’t repeat it. For us Canadians to understand the First Nation's feeling

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How does this have an impact on current day issues?

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How does this have an impact on current day issues?

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken? 

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken? 

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Reconciliation is the action of making one view or belief compatible with another. Reconciliation action needs two or more groups willing to come together to work to better their lives and community. The actions needed for reconciliation is realizes the mistakes first , then forgiveness and then coming to an agreement on how to solve it so that we don’t repeat it. That's why we have treaties, " Indigenous treaties in Canada are constitutionally recognized agreements between the Crown and Indigenous peoples ".As Canadians, they broke the agreements and left wounds that are still open. So now Canadians right now are learning how to ask for forgiveness ,how to treat the First Nation and then not repeating history.

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Analyze how the media currently depicts the treaty relationship and determine the effects this has on public perception. 

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Analyze how the media currently depicts the treaty relationship and determine the effects this has on public perception. 

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The media describes the treaty relationship as a positive aspect.Canada’s History Society  published two magazines on Treaties and the Treaty Relationship. With the understanding that the history of treaties in Canada is not simply a history of where and when treaties were made, but a much larger conversation about land, people, their relationships to each other, and why this continues to be relevant today.We learn about treaty relationships in school through media.It definitely has major and positive impact on us the public while learning about treaty relationships.

https://www.canadashistory.ca/education/kayak-in-the-classroom/treaties

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Analyze what you believe about treaty relationships, why you believe it, and how you came to believe it.  

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Analyze what you believe about treaty relationships, why you believe it, and how you came to believe it.  

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Through the many experiences of other I have learnt so much about treaty relationships. Treaty relations initially had the purpose to unite the Indigenous people, and the British colonizers despite their noticeable differences. Based on the actions made after the treaties it was evident that what they believed about treaties is different The British/Canadian government believed  "saw treaties as a way to legalize the ceding of Indian lands to clear the way for European settlement, mining, and railways. Treaties were intended to extinguish all First Nations claims and rights to their land forever"   ("Treaties & cultural") .  Treaties were meant to be tied to the first nations success in the adaptation of their new life with the Canadian government. But, unfortunately instead they suffered, and taken advantage of. l came to this belief because of all the the research I have done, the books I have read, and the speakers I was fortunate enough to listen to.

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Describe the principles of treaty and understand the importance those principles play.  

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Describe the principles of treaty and understand the importance those principles play.  

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Modern treaty is  the commitment of the government of Canada to attain reconciliation with Indigenous people through a relationship based on acknowledging their rights and respect. Significant engagements with Indigenous peoples is intended to secure their free, and informed consent when Canada proposes to take actions; which impact them and their rights on their lands, territories, and resources.The government of Canada recognizes that : Treaties, agreements, between Indigenous peoples and the Crown have been and are intended to be acts of reconciliation for a more evolving system of cooperative federalism.
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How does this have an impact on current day issues?

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How does this have an impact on current day issues?

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Evidently the treaty relations of the past has been able to effect the world today by creating current issues. There are many issues that we face today, because of the deceitful treaties made in the past.  It is stated that" it seemed like the only way for first nations to thrive in their new reality was to create treaties with the colonizers"(Niessen 6). Evidently they were mistaken and it caused the subtle discrimination filled environment between the first nations and the white people of today. Nevertheless, it is my hope that the amount of discrimination and prejudice that goes on in our society will be diminished through understanding.

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken?   

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken?   

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Reconciliation can be defined as "a situation in which two people or groups of people become friendly again after they argued" (Unknown). There are plenty of actions that can be taken to obtain reconciliation in regards to modern treaties. The many rights and the privileges taken from them because of the treaties were returned because of the more modern treaties that were made. But more steps can still be taken for example making promises to give them more financial aid, provide more assistance on helping indigenous people get better education, and making solving missing and murdered and indigenous women more prominent in their work

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken?

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What is reconciliation and what actions can be taken?

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Reconciliation means coming together as one. As Canadians, there are multiple things we can do in order for reconciliation to take place. Specifically, there are five major actions you can do to partake in reconciliation according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.These five things fall under the categories of Community, Corporate, Individuals, Media, and Artistic. For the community aspect, The Truth and Reconciliation states," Hold a Reconciliation workshop in your community! Organizations such as Returning to Spirit offer workshops and training programs that help individuals and communities move forward from the legacy of Residential Schools." (http://www.trc.ca/websites/reconciliation/index.php?p=333) For the Corporate aspect, the Truth and Reconcilation Commison givesideassuch as: "Support Aboriginal economic development – partner with and/or contract Aboriginal business." For the Individual aspect...suggests," Volunteer your time and/or services to a community event.

Donate to the Survivors Travel fund to attend National Events.  Media Establish a regular column with prominent writers to encourage discussion and debate on the issue of reconciliation" Lastly for Artistic, "The TRC invites all artists to submit works that relate to experiences at Indian Residential Schools or that relate to the legacy and impact of those experiences on former students, parents, future generations, communities, and on relationships within families and between communities." (MUST EDIT STILL)

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nations.

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nations.

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Treaties provide  First nations authority and controls of their future.Something they were stripped off.Treaties provide a plan for living together and sharing the land Indigenous peoples traditionally occupied. The plan for living together , provide foundations for ongoing partnership as we move forward together for reconciliation

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Examine the importance of decolonization as a process that supports the understanding that We Are All Treaty People.   

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Examine the importance of decolonization as a process that supports the understanding that We Are All Treaty People.   

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Decolonization is an important process because it means  acting against the ongoing colonialism and colonial mentalities that impregnate education, media, government policies, against aboriginal people.Indegenous people deserve their sets of rights, because of colonization it did not happen.We are all treaty people because, every people living in Canada have their own set of rights and responsibilities.(cita

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How does this have an impact on current day issues? 

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How does this have an impact on current day issues? 

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Truth and Reconciliation has a major impact on current day issues. One way this current issue has impacted current day issues would be shedding light on the true horrors of the Residential Schools. Specifically, The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada states its mission as, "a mandate to learn the truth about what happened in the residential schools and to inform all Canadians about what happened in the schools." (http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=4) Another way on how Truth and Reconciliation  has an impact on current day issues would be by bringing Canadians together as one. What I mean by this is that if we are to achieve Reconcilation, we must come together as one to find a common ground on issues that we all face.  Lastly,  the final way Truth and Reconcialtion impacts current day issues is that it helps inform the public on how big of an issue Missing and Murdered Ideginous women is in Canada. Before this, many voices were unheard of but now since Truth and Reconciliation is now a big thing, voices of those that were unheard of before are now being heard. (Edit)

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What is reconciliation and how can this affect change today?  

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What is reconciliation and how can this affect change today?  

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Reconciliation is definined as "the restoration of friendly relatoin" In regards to "We are all treaty epole" this is specificially talking about building back the bonds broken many years through the betrayal and mistrust that came from the treaties. The attempt of reconcilation has the ability to affect change today because by working towards reconciliation it is creating a better opportunity for friendly relations between all and it has the ability to help mend past scars
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reconciliation

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nation

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nation

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There are many benefits of treaties even its purpose is for the good of both groups. It has been stated that "Treaties provide First Nations the authority and tools to take control of their future." Treaties created a peaceful alternative and it helped in preventing harm to both or one parties. Lastly, treaties have the ability to create relationships between two groups, and build alliances and bonds to work together for something they could not achieve individually.
https://news.gov.bc.ca/factsheets/factsheet-benefits-of-treaties

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Reminder: 4 posts each minimum before Monday's class.

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Reminder: 4 posts each minimum before Monday's class.

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Treaties in current federal and provincial government policies. Modern Treaties

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Treaties in current federal and provincial government policies. Modern Treaties

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The responses to treaties are all different in different places but all came to one decision is for upholding their agreement. " Some non-Indigenous critics charge that modern treaty making puts too much emphasis on race and ethnicity" (The Canadian Encyclopedia). The many problems, we are facing is that it is taking longer to forgive and change. We need to come up with a way to accept change fast and finding a way not too repeat it

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How could an understanding and education affect change? 

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How could an understanding and education affect change? 

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An understanding and education can effect change since I believe awareness could promote change. If more people new about their unfortunate circumstances, more people will be able to sympathize with their situation. Education can also help us all learn, by having such an understanding of the problem we can find a solution Carl Sagan states how "you have to know the past to understand the present" I believe that is what is required to create a positive change for everyone. The citizens of Canada need to be able to know of there mistakes in order to fix them. That is why it is important to be aware of the past.

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Describe the principles of treaty and understand the importance those principles pay

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Describe the principles of treaty and understand the importance those principles pay

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The principle of the treaty is the agreement between, "nation-to-nation relationships between Indigenous peoples, the federal and provincial Crown and in some cases, a territory," according to  the Land Claims Agreement Coalliation offical website  http://landclaimscoalition.ca/modern-treaty/  As well, treaties address important things such as:  Employment, Governent contracting, Parks and conservation areas to name a few. ( http://landclaimscoalition.ca/modern-treaty/)

It is important to understand the principles of treaty as we are all treaty people as well, James B. Wilson the former Commissioner, Treaty Relations Commission of Manitoba states, "Canada would not exist as it is today without treaties. Aboriginal Peoples have had to argue and push for their rights for so long they are very acutely aware of their different rights. It is fundamentally important to understanding the country we live in. To me you can’t be a fully engaged citizen unless you acknowledge and understand that shared history – it’s part of our collective identity.(https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/the-importance-of-treaty-education)  (Edit)

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Analyze responses to treaties in current federal and provincial government policies. 

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Analyze responses to treaties in current federal and provincial government policies. 

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Current Federal and Provincial policies are taking good mesaure to ensure that realtionships between Canadians and the treaies are met. According to the Federal Goverment's offical website, the Goverments goal is, "Honouring the treaty relationship and negotiating new treaties based on the recognition of rights, respect, co-operation and partnership, is key to achieving lasting reconciliation with Indigenous peoples."  https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028574/1529354437231#chp1 As well, the Provincail Govermnets are trying to ensure that Treaties agreements are being met as well. Specifically, the Sask Party website outlines how the Govermnet follows treaty policies. The Sask party claims that, "their duty to consult with sets out government’s commitment to fulfilling its legal duty to consult and accommodate First Nation and Métis communities in advance of decisions or actions that have the potential to adversely impact the exercise of:
Treaty and Aboriginal rights such as the right to hunt, fish and trap for food on unoccupied Crown land and other land to which a community has a right-of-access for these purposes; and Traditional uses of land and resources such as the gathering of plants for food and medicinal purposes and carrying out ceremonial and spiritual observances and practices on unoccupied Crown land and other land to which a community has a right of access for these purposes."
s carrying out ceremonial and spiritual observances and practices on unoccupied Crown land and other land to which a community has a right of access for these purposes. https://www.saskatchewan.ca/residents/first-nations-citizens/duty-to-consult-first-nations-and-metis-communities

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Examine the importance of decolonization as a process that supports the understanding that We Are All Treaty People.  

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Examine the importance of decolonization as a process that supports the understanding that We Are All Treaty People.  

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Decolonization is defined as the act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a country from being dependent on another country according to (http://www.yourdictionary.com/decolonization). It is important to understand decolonization as a process that supports the understanding that we are all treaty people because without decolonization, we would still be under British rule. Decolonization leads us all to a common ground where we can all realate to one another hence, leading us to all being treaty people.

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nations

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring relationships between nations

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There are many benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honouring realtionships between nations. One way the treaties define and honour realationships between nations is that the treaties act as a coveneant according to the Canadaian Encyclopedia which suggests that, " Treaties therefore form the constitutional and moral basis of alliance between Indigenous peoples and Canada." This is saying that treaties act as a coveneant in which all parties in Canada must agree upon in oreder to maintain peace and order. Another benefit of treaties is that they define and honour our relationships between nations. What this means is that since we are all treaty people we must all work cooperate in unison. Lastly, treaties affect us all as people so if we are  to break apart from the treaties we lose who we are as Canadians? (EDIT EVERYTHING)

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Analyze responses to treaties in current federal and provincial government policies.

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Analyze responses to treaties in current federal and provincial government policies.

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Indigenous and treaty rights were a particularly controversial and difficult issue during the patriation of the Canadian constitution. On 5 November 1981, nine provincial governments (excluding Québec) entered into the federal government’s patriation plan on the condition that Indigenous and treaty rights be stripped from the draft constitution.Currently all provinces are agreeing on treaties. In order for treaties to work all provinces must agree on terms.

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Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism. In this article they explain what is decolonization, disturbing trends used, moving forward from colonialism and change the ways they are doing things. As the article say "  while I believe that we all have choices as to if we participate or not, decolonization demands recognizing Indigenous land, Indigenous peoples, and Indigenous sovereignty – including sovereignty over the decolonization process". Decolonization is needed and it is up to everyone to take up the recognition of Indigenous people and what the risks and responsibilities of this recognition.

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Eric Ritskes is a Managing Editor at Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, a newly established Open Access journal committed to the vital work of decolonization.
The much-anticipated first issue of Decolonization Journal is now available at Decolonization.org

Decolonization is a goal but it is not an endpoint. I like this open-ended beginning because it speaks to two things: that the struggle for decolonization is a journey that is never finished and that, on this journey, uncertainty is not to be feared; Mariolga Reyes Cruz ( in our first issue) describes it as: "moving towards a different and tangible place, somewhere out there, where no one has really ever been." I don't mean that decolonization is elusive and constantly deferred - an unattainable 'pipe dream' - but that it is a series of what Jeff Corntassel calls " everyday acts of resurgence" which regenerate Indigenous knowledges, epistemologies, and ways of life. These Indigenous knowledges are always adapting, always creating, always moving forward - there is no stopping them, no finality. Decolonization is a tangible unknown.

As an editor at Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, I see the space we are working to create as one of these everyday acts of decolonization. Decolonization engages with imperialism and colonialism at every level. This entails an on the ground resistance to the corporate and national take overs of land, as well as the slow 'CO ₂ lonialism' of toxic waste, oil spills, carbon markets, and pollution that threaten the land. This means 'writing back' against the ongoing colonialism and colonial mentalities that permeates education, media, government policies, and 'common sense'. For us, it also means challenging how higher education, research and publishing are complicit in and, in fact, vital to the colonial oppression of Indigenous peoples around the globe.

Disturbing Trends

Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, in their article in our first issue, state: " Decolonization doesn't have a synonym"; it is not a substitute for 'human rights' or 'social justice', though undoubtedly they are connected in various ways. Decolonization demands an Indigenous framework and a centering of Indigenous land, Indigenous sovereignty, and Indigenous ways of thinking. Too often, decolonization becomes bastardized, sidelined, or simply misunderstood - in creating a space such as Decolonization, there is the chance to 'write back' against these trends, to engage and oppose colonialism, as well as to connect and support Indigeneity globally.

One of these trends is the appropriation of Indigeneity, of non-Indigenous activists in North America playing Indian in critical movements (especially in regards to Indigenous spirituality). In a letter to the Occupy Wall Street movement John Paul Montano wrote an open letter on his blog demanding that protestors recognize the ongoing colonialism and occupation of the land they were protesting on. One commenter replied in classic fashion, checking all the 'appropriation boxes': claiming similar experiences as a 'displaced Irish person', claiming experience with Indigenous peoples as a grounds for validation, as well as appropriating Indigenous spirituality to argue "I stole no land" and that we should "focus on the future". Indigeneity is taken up as a cloak to hide further exploitation of Indigenous peoples.

Beyond the sort of 'White Shamanism' and 'We are all Indigenous' discourses, playing Indian runs even deeper. In Northern Canada, many white eco-activists and Canadians have joined with Indigenous communities to protest a proposed Enbridge oil pipeline. What is overlooked for many, who see their involvement as an important environmental cause or even as anti-capitalist, is that Indigenous communities have life and livelihood at stake. This is not an adventure, another cause, or even just about the environment - in fact, due to their struggle the Canadian government has branded Indigenous groups as eco-terrorists. There is no 'going home' when this is done because it is never done and communities will always be seen as a threat. There is no thrill of taking on a mega corporation, just a continued fight for survival - one that white Canadians cannot fully understand. Communities are asked for the 'Native perspective' within a conservation framework that is premised on the settler state - 'Canadian land', saving the pristine, virgin "home and native land" - while ignoring that their homes are indeed on Native land. Indigenous peoples are further sidelined and displaced in these struggles, despite the centrality of their claims.

This is not to say that all Indigenous peoples are engaged in decolonization or that they are above using the terms and identities of Indigeneity for exploitation. In a recent move to privatize Indigenous land on reservations in Canada, there have been Indigenous 'sell-outs' such as Manny Jules and Senator Patrick Brazeau who have championed the move alongside Conservative leaders and right-wing 'shock jockeys'. As Pam Palmater, a professor of Indigenous Governance at Ryerson University - who is on our Editorial Review Board - argued in a powerful response: "Make no mistake, this bill is a modern form of land war that will be waged on our Nations." History is littered with Indigenous peoples who have been co-opted, sold out for private gain, or wasted their breath appealing to a colonial state to liberate them.

Moving Forward

Colonialism, and subsequently decolonization, has very real and material effects - we cannot forget this. These actions are held up by ways of thinking that disenfranchise, exploit, and marginalize Indigenous peoples around the globe. In the first issue of Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, we have scholars/activists who are thinking about what decolonization means in Australia, Puerto Rico, Palestine, Canada, and the United States - and what the connections might be. We hope to have a space where we can explore decolonization as local and connected to specific land bases, but also to explore relationships and connections to further decolonization.

In moving forward, we know the power of Indigenous knowledges. In the Akan culture of western Africa there is the symbol of the sankofa, a bird reaching back to retrieve the past to use in the way forward - this is the sort of progress that is demanded by decolonization. A regenerative resurgence of Indigenous thought, development, sovereignty, life, communities, peoples, and land. Decolonization demands this sort of totality of resistance and revival. One of our Review Board members, Leanne Simpson, summed this up beautifully in saying: Indigenous sovereignty must be asserted with your body, mind, home, community, and every piece of your territory.

There are many views of decolonization, often contrasting and competing, but one thing is common: the belief that through action, change can occur. We're all implicated in and through colonialism and how we decolonize is connected to how exactly we are implicated. I had originally wanted to write somewhere in this article that "how we choose to decolonize is up to us" and, while I believe that we all have choices as to if we participate or not, decolonization demands recognizing Indigenous land, Indigenous peoples, and Indigenous sovereignty - including sovereignty over the decolonization process. Decolonization is needed and it is up to each of us to take up the recognition of Indigenous sovereignty and what the risks and responsibilities of this recognition mean.

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What is decolonization and why does it matter?

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Eric Ritskes is a Managing Editor at Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, a newly established Open Access journal committed to the vital work of decolonization. The much-anticipated first issue of Decolonization Journal is now available at Decolonization.org Story continues below Get Rid of Ads Decolonization is a goal but it is not an endpoint.

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honoring relationships between nations

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Examine the benefits of treaties as a way of defining and honoring relationships between nations

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Treaties are agreements for between two nation or more.  For indigenous people, the sacred and binding character of treaties is not found primarily in the documents. Indigenous people took it as higher power bringing people together because those treaties were negotiated with elders. For the settlers, the treaties were seen as a pass to use their land but respecting their land and rights. "  Even in modern times, the federal and provincial governments tend to interpret treaties in legalistic terms, contending that Indigenous peoples “ceded, surrendered, and yielded” their ancestral rights and titles through treaties "( the Canadian encyclopedia).  Treaties are supposed to work two ways, respecting each other and upholding their part of agreement.

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Personal beliefs nurtured through one’s understanding of treaty making.  

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Personal beliefs nurtured through one’s understanding of treaty making.  

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I believe treaty needs to be more thought out, listing the benefits, the consequences , and the rights for both sides.