# data[].attributes.headline
Evidence seized by police may not be used against a criminal defendant during trial

# data[].attributes.subject
Evidence seized by police may not be used against a criminal defendant during trial

# data[].attributes.body
Violation of the Fourth amendment which is freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
-U.S. v. Leon (1984): The Supreme court said that the evidence was obtained in "good faith" with a search warrant but was later found invalid

# data[].attributes.headline
Prohibits the government from making a law " respecting an establishment of religion"

# data[].attributes.subject
Prohibits the government from making a law " respecting an establishment of religion"

# data[].attributes.body
Violation of the First Amendment which says that congress will make no law respecting an establishment of religion
- Lemon V. Kurtzman (1971): Non- public elementary schools got financial support from the state. Taxpayers believed it violated the separation of church and state

# data[].attributes.headline
The state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. This balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it

# data[].attributes.subject
The state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. This balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it

# data[].attributes.body
Violation of the Fifth Amendment which says that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
-Dredd Scott v. Sandford(1833-1843)

# data[].attributes.headline
The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

# data[].attributes.subject
The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

# data[].attributes.body
Violation of the fifth amendment which states that no person should be subject for the same offense twice

# data[].attributes.headline
The peaceful expression of thoughts, ideas, or opinions before a willing audience

# data[].attributes.subject
The peaceful expression of thoughts, ideas, or opinions before a willing audience

# data[].attributes.body
This type of speech is generally protected under the First Amendment

# data[].attributes.headline
Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

# data[].attributes.subject
Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

# data[].attributes.body
Example: Blacks must ride at the back of the bus

# data[].attributes.headline
The legal separation of groups in society

# data[].attributes.subject
The legal separation of groups in society

# data[].attributes.body
Example: Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in all public schools, transportation, and facilities

# data[].attributes.headline
Evidence is sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure

# data[].attributes.subject
Evidence is sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure

# data[].attributes.body
If police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested, police are allowed to legally search and seize incriminating evidence

# data[].attributes.headline
Bakke was rejected twice from University of California Medical School and believed that he was rejected from admission solely on the basis of race

# data[].attributes.subject
Bakke was rejected twice from University of California Medical School and believed that he was rejected from admission solely on the basis of race

# data[].attributes.body
It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nonverbal communication, actions that don't consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion.

# data[].attributes.subject
Nonverbal communication, actions that don't consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion.

# data[].attributes.body
Example: burning a flag
The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the first amendment.

# data[].attributes.headline
The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment

# data[].attributes.subject
The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment

# data[].attributes.headline
The Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

# data[].attributes.subject
The Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

# data[].attributes.body
Claiming that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

# data[].attributes.headline
Relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race

# data[].attributes.subject
Relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race

# data[].attributes.body
They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

# data[].attributes.headline
The defendant confessed guilt after being subjected to a variety of interrogation techniques without being informed of his Fifth Amendment rights during an interrogation.

# data[].attributes.subject
The defendant confessed guilt after being subjected to a variety of interrogation techniques without being informed of his Fifth Amendment rights during an interrogation.

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

# data[].attributes.headline
A state must treat an individual or class of individuals the same as it treats other individuals or classes in like circumstances

# data[].attributes.subject
A state must treat an individual or class of individuals the same as it treats other individuals or classes in like circumstances

# data[].attributes.body
A guarantee under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

# data[].attributes.headline
Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive

# data[].attributes.subject
Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive

# data[].attributes.body
She appealed her conviction on the basis of freedom of expression.

# data[].attributes.headline
Literacy test is a test that determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution.

# data[].attributes.subject
Literacy test is a test that determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century which was used to deny suffrage to African Americans.

# data[].attributes.headline
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education

# data[].attributes.subject
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education

# data[].attributes.body
Example: hiring minorities and women

# data[].attributes.headline
the former practice of segregating black people in the US.

# data[].attributes.subject
the former practice of segregating black people in the US.

# data[].attributes.body
Examples: Segregation in schools, segregated bars, separate drinking fountains

# data[].attributes.headline
ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

# data[].attributes.subject
ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

# data[].attributes.body
is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement

# data[].attributes.headline
is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.

# data[].attributes.subject
is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.

# data[].attributes.body
The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

# data[].attributes.headline
Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man

# data[].attributes.subject
Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man

# data[].attributes.body
the court decided that all people of African ancestry could never become citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court.

# data[].attributes.headline
The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks

# data[].attributes.subject
The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks

# data[].attributes.body
It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality, "separate but equal"

# data[].attributes.headline
Gideon was charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida law

# data[].attributes.subject
Gideon was charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida law

# data[].attributes.body
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment creates a right for criminal defendants who cannot pay for their own lawyers to have the state appoint attorneys on their behalf.

# data[].attributes.headline
a test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance

# data[].attributes.subject
a test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance

# data[].attributes.body
To pass rational basis review, the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

# data[].attributes.headline
Congress may not stop you from holding any religious beliefs you choose or having no religious beliefs at all

# data[].attributes.subject
Congress may not stop you from holding any religious beliefs you choose or having no religious beliefs at all

# data[].attributes.body
Citizens have an unlimited right to religious belief

# data[].attributes.headline
A governmental restraint on expression, whether verbal, written, or artistic, before it takes place.

# data[].attributes.subject
A governmental restraint on expression, whether verbal, written, or artistic, before it takes place.

# data[].attributes.body
The issue of prior restraint often occurred when the state sought to prevent a news publication from publishing something.

# data[].attributes.headline
Non- public elementary schools got financial support from the state. Taxpayers believed it violated the separation of church and state

# data[].attributes.subject
Non- public elementary schools got financial support from the state. Taxpayers believed it violated the separation of church and state

# data[].attributes.body
Created the lemon test which ensures the general population’s interests take priority within public institutions and settings. The Lemon test also prohibits the Federal Government from becoming overly religious or involved with a particular religious institution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof

# data[].attributes.subject
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof

# data[].attributes.headline
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms

# data[].attributes.subject
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms

# data[].attributes.headline
It protects people from unlawful searches and seizures.

# data[].attributes.subject
It protects people from unlawful searches and seizures.

# data[].attributes.headline
segregation "by fact", segregation that results from factors like housing patterns rather than law

# data[].attributes.subject
segregation "by fact", segregation that results from factors like housing patterns rather than law

# data[].attributes.body
Example: Blacks voluntarily segregating themselves

# data[].attributes.headline
imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes

# data[].attributes.subject
imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes

# data[].attributes.headline
In response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II, the U.S. government decided to require Japanese-Americans to move into relocation camps as a matter of national security. Fred Korematsu, chose to stay at his residence rather than obey the order to relocate. 

# data[].attributes.subject
In response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II, the U.S. government decided to require Japanese-Americans to move into relocation camps as a matter of national security. Fred Korematsu, chose to stay at his residence rather than obey the order to relocate. 

# data[].attributes.body
He responded by arguing that Executive Order 9066 violated the Fifth Amendment.

# data[].attributes.headline
guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime

# data[].attributes.subject
guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime

# data[].attributes.headline
speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders

# data[].attributes.subject
speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders

# data[].attributes.body
Speech threatening the government

# data[].attributes.headline
guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in the federal courts

# data[].attributes.subject
guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in the federal courts

# data[].attributes.headline
insures that the punishments for crimes are not excessive, cruel, or unusual

# data[].attributes.subject
insures that the punishments for crimes are not excessive, cruel, or unusual

# data[].attributes.headline
defines citizenship: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside

# data[].attributes.subject
defines citizenship: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside

# data[].attributes.headline
Libel: The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.  Slander:The verbal expression of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.

# data[].attributes.subject
Libel: The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.  Slander:The verbal expression of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.

# data[].attributes.headline
false or unjustified injury of the good reputation of another, as by slander or libel

# data[].attributes.subject
false or unjustified injury of the good reputation of another, as by slander or libel

# data[].attributes.body
De-faming someone or harmful speech

# data[].attributes.body
Supreme Court ruled with judicial restraint of stari decisi, they had the right to free assembly and no prior restraint