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The definition of a Boycott is when a group of people stop participating in an event or stop purchasing an item in order to protest or punish the company.The Baton Rouge bus boycott resulted in the compromise of Ordinance 255 which decreased the number of reserved white seats, and opened up more seats for African Americans. It should that peaceful protests could produce real results, setting a precedence for future boycotts. It also made national headlines as well as more seats in Baton Rouge public transportation for African Americans.

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Judge Parker was the Judge who made the then controversial ruling to desegregate the New Orleans School system. "His order in the 1980s to integrate schools and bus students to make campuses more racially diverse remains unpopular among some, even today, mostly because of its unintended consequences." However many consider his handling of the case as heroic and his decision changed Louisiana tremendously.

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The financially stressed city bus company got the Baton Rouge to grant them an exclusive contract, revoking the licenses of nearly forty competing African American-owned bus services.

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In the years leading up to this case, the Supreme Court has ruled multiple times for black students to be admitted to white schools on the basis of inequality according to the "equal protection clause" of the Fourteenth Amendment. This culminated in the Brown v. Board of Education case concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. After the previous Chief Justice died, the new Chief Justice brought the Justices together for an unanimous vote declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Since it did not immediately force desegregation, it would take many years after until all school systems were integrated.

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Integration of African Americans into School System - Beginning of 1960 (Orna) 

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Integration of African Americans into School System - Beginning of 1960 (Orna) 

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The federal government, being fed up about the segregation policies that were occurring in the school system, decided to follow through with enforcing integration of African Americans in traditionally white public schools.

The response for this was that the Louisiana state government, believing that the federal government was shoving their laws onto Louisianans, counteracted this act by stating that this was going against their rights as states, and essentially deeming integration illegal. Integration seemed to be the best for the public in their mind, because the people still believe that segregation is correct, and this should be the way it is; to have an integration of public schools with desegregation laws, which is not by their standards, they probably would not be able to adjust with the lifestyle that they have had for so long.

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Ruby Bridges was a young, six year old girl, who was one of the four young African American  selected to go to a New Orlean’s public school as one of the test runs for the federal law of integration. She was attending an all-white school, which was met with a lot of protest from the hateful white parents of the students. Whenever she walked to school, there were always white people who held up signs that were telling her to go back to her own race and giving other racially offensive remarks to her, including extremely offensive racial slang. Some even started throwing things at her, such as the tomatoes in the picture. As a young five year old, she was brave and continued going to school every day, with police and other public officials flanking her as a way of support. The white parents boycotted and kept their children from going to school; however, Ruby Bridges kept her head up high and continued going to school, even if it was just her teacher. Finally, the federal government when finding out about this, threatened the state to go to extreme force in order to uphold the law, which ended up being kept. Ruby Bridges was able to graduate from William Frantz elementary, and she went on to obtain a graduate’s degree in business.

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Finally, after months of boycott, the Baton Rouge Bus Company was facing bankruptcy. So on June 23 Jemison reached an agreement with the city council. On June 24 Ordinance 251 was passed. The bus company would reduce the number of reserved “white” seats, but black riders would have to remain standing even if whites-only seats were available. Many in the black community felt they could have done more with their protest, that not much has changed. They felt betrayed.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited State and Local Governments from denying access to public facilities because of race, color, religion, or national origin. This Act was signed on July 2, 1964, and the signing of this was one of the main achievements of the Civil Rights Movement

Below is a picture of the Act being signed into law

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 forbid State and Local Governments from preventing people of color from voting, specifically banning the usage of literacy tests,. However, this Act did not outlawing some voting limiters, like poll taxes, which were eventually banned in 1966. This made sure that every state had followed the 15th Amendment.

Below is a picture of the Act being signed into law.

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Baton Rouge enacts Ordinance 222- February 1953

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Baton Rouge enacts Ordinance 222- February 1953

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The city council unanimously approved Ordinance 222, which changed the segregated seating policy to where riders would fill the bus on a first come, first served basis; blacks from the back and whites from the front. But bus drivers refused to comply withe the directive for three months.