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I used the course PowerPoints and textbook for all of my information.

U2 ANS Part 1.pptx

U2 ANS Part 2.pptx

Pharmacology: An Introduction

Henry Hitner, Ph.D.

Barbara Nagle, Ph.D.

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PNS Drug Classifications and their Drug Examples

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PNS Drug Classifications and their Drug Examples

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Direct–Acting Cholinergic Agonists
MOA:

directly stimulates/binds to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division

mimics ACH

can more specifically lead to:

pupil constriction

decrease in the amount of fluid in the eye

decrease in intraocular pressure

stimulation of muscarinic receptors of bladder and GI tract

Drugs:

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect–Acting Cholinergic Agonists
MOA:

inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse

increases ACH

Drugs:

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergics
MOA:

binds to a cholinergic receptor

acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism

can more specifically lead to:

increase in heart rate

decrease in vagus nerve activity (parasympathetic)

decrease in GI secretions and motility

mydriasis

bronchodilation

Drugs:

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

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SNS Drug Classifications and their Drug Examples

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SNS Drug Classifications and their Drug Examples

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:

alpha-1 receptor is stimulated

contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases blood pressure

vasoconstriction of nasal passages = decongestant effect

Drugs:

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:

Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors

Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure

Cardiac stimulant

Bronchodilator

Drugs:

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
MOA:

binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them

relaxation of smooth muscle

vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases blood pressure

relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow

Drugs:

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:

Low dose: stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow

Moderate dose: stimulates beta-1 receptors causing heart to increase force of contraction and cardiac output

High dose: stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure

Drugs:

dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:

stimulates beta-2 receptors

relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs = bronchodilation

relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus

Drugs:

albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

formoterol (Foradil®)

salmeterol (Serevent®)

Selective Beta-1 Blockers
MOA:

beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)

decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output

decreases heart rate (negative chronotropic)

decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)

decrease in cardiac output also decreases blood pressure

Drugs:

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

Non-selective Beta Blockers
MOA:

block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors

decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output

decreases heart rate (negative chronotropic)

decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)

decrease in cardiac output also decreases blood pressure

can cause bronchoconstriction

Drugs:

nadolol (Corgard®)

propanolol (Inderal®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

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What happens when PNS neurotransmitters are stimulated?

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What happens when PNS neurotransmitters are stimulated?

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Heart: decreases heart rate and AV conduction, slight decrease in contractility

Intestines: GI motility and secretions increased

Pupil of the eye: constriction (miosis)

Lower respiratory passages: bronchoconstriction

Urinary bladder: contraction

Urinary sphincter: relaxation

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PNS Neurotransmitters and their Release Locations

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PNS Neurotransmitters and their Release Locations

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Acetylcholine (ACH): ganglia, postganglionic nerve endings

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Division 1 of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Division 1 of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Sympathetic Nervous System aka Adrenergic

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SNS Neurotransmitters and their Release Locations

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SNS Neurotransmitters and their Release Locations

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Acetylcholine (ACH): ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings

Norepinephrine (NE): postganglionic nerve endings, adrenal medulla

Epinephrine (EPI): adrenal medulla

Dopamine (DA): formed as a precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine in peripheral adrenergic nerve endings

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What happens when SNS neurotransmitters are stimulated?

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What happens when SNS neurotransmitters are stimulated?

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Arteries: vasoconstriction (except coronary and skeletal muscle arteries, which are dilated)

Heart: increased heart rate and AV conduction

Intestines: GI motility and secretions decreased

Pupil of the eye: dilation (mydriasis)

Lower respiratory passages: bronchodilation

Urinary bladder: relaxation

Urinary sphincter: contraction

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Alpha-1: glands, smooth muscle, eyes, most arteries and veins

Alpha-2: adrenergic nerve ending

Beta-1: heart

Beta-2: bronchiolar smooth muscle, uterus, coronary and skeletal muscle arteries

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Division 2 of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Division 2 of the Autonomic Nervous System

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Parasympathetic Nervous System aka Cholinergic

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Muscarinic: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands, parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

Nicotinic 1 (Nn): ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves (synapse area)

Nicotinic 2 (Nm): somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle