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beads on rods to count and calculate.

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based on napier's rules for logarithms

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first stored program - metal cards

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difference engine

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1st generation vacuums used vacuum tubes with no air inside to protect circuitry

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moth stuck in relay switch Grace hopper called it debugging a computer

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used silicon, won

Nobel prize, on-off switch.

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, first fully electronic digital

computer built in the U.S., Created at the University of Pennsylvania, weighed 30 tons, contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, Cost $487, 000

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integrated Circuits that were

made of transistors, resistors 4th Generation

and capacitors integrated into 4th Generation computers had

one chip | 1971– microchips.

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256 bytes of memory

2 MHz Intel 8080 chip IBM PC

Cost $395-$495

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released Apple II

• 8088 Microchip 29,000 transistors

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• First wide selling personal computer
• 1 or 2 floppy disk drives

Graphic User Interface GUI and Mouse

• Great Increase in speed, storage and memory

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faster computers
cheaper computers used in most homes