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Study of the recorded past which helps us make sense of the present.

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Historians have to be impartial only analyze what has been given to them, no emotions should be put into their work

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Perspective | Historians may have different perspectives of the past based on their affiliations and as a result may portray history in different ways

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Using old evidence to study history

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There's an ethical dilemma for historians, as they face the idea of potentially covering up history if something bad happened in order to not repeat it

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Their perspective should never be turned to a side or the other, they should present the facts to the readers or listeners

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It is important to consider multiple perspectives when looking at history, since the "truth" is hard to make out

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Issues of reliability of first hand accounts as their memory can be affected by their personal interests.

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Is knowledge from the past different from other types of knowledge?

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Is knowledge from the past different from other types of knowledge?

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Knowledge from the past may seem less practical than the natural sciences or the human sciences that attempt to understand the environment or to solve human problems. But history has a crucial role of uncovering humanity's heritage and works to preserve our legacy. An understanding of the past allows us to understand how we came to be and is a more philosophical type of understanding.

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it is impossible to be unbiased when recording history, most probably someone along the line was biset 

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it is impossible to be unbiased when recording history, most probably someone along the line was biset 

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Historians rely heavily on primary sources, such as documents or artefacts, as those things are representative of the past and actually come from that time, while there may not be any humans left from then

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using primary sources

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Tools: Books, paintings, artefacts.

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seek out multiple sides and perspectives of the same event, in order to be as accurate and unbiased as possible.

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seek out multiple sides and perspectives of the same event, in order to be as accurate and unbiased as possible.

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Different types of sources have their own value in different situations. Testimonies can be unreliable if the historian wishes to find what factually happened, but they are very useful for understanding the effect it had on the people there.

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History is often written by the winners; historians need to make sure they accurately convey all parts of a story, rather than just the part that's best known

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knowledge and the knower, what do we know and how do we know it, what can influence our knowledge?

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Historians are limited in their perspectives because they live in contemporary times and cannot fully imagine the past as it was. Some of the limitations of a lack of perspective can also be attributed to a lack of historic material. For example, because many Jewish books were burned during world war 2, it is hard to imagine what the past might have been like for Jewish people.

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People from the past have the responsibility of recording unbiased information from their time for it to be studied in the future.

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History focuses on studying the past, while in the present, in order to educate ourselves about humans actions and whether or not to repeat ourselves in the future

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Historians have the obligation to help teach the younger generations to not commit the same mistakes done in the past, they should remain true to what happen, giving us the right knowledge.

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Historians unfortunately only have access to a certain number of archives and manuscripts. The quality of the archives may be worn down by time, and it is up to the historian's judgement to discern whether certain pieces of evidence are reliable or not. For example, if only several flat earth theory newspapers survived in the future, then future historians may believe that the flat earth theory was the predominant idea. The availability of manuscripts may give off a sampling bias on the past.

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Interpretation | It is often the case where historical evidence is not certain and can result in different interpretations. When not enough data is available, Historians must try and interpret what they have in the most accurate way possible.

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Historians have an ethical duty to publish and share everything that happened in the past without bias as much as possible. For example, Nazi and Imperial Japanese governments tried to cover up their numerous war crimes such as unit 731 and the concentration camps. But the current German historians feel an ethical need to teach history about the Nazi's. The Japanese however, do not try as much to teach about their role as an Axis power in world war 2, which is unfortunate and disappointing.

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justification, historians have to justify acts done in the past, maybe not just justify but clarify what went wrong and why.

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History is written by the winners. Some civilizations that were colonized by more powerful ones have their history written for them, rather than by them. An example of is is Norse Mythology, whose earliest records were made long after the Christian influence took over.

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Knowledge and technology may link to the AOK of history. Because of technological developments, it became easier to excavate and to find information about the past that was previously irretrievable. Technology is an important asset to further knowledge in history.

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The goal of historic inquiry is arguably to seek out the truth. In that aspect, objectivity is highly valued in History, although rarely found.

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The bias inherent in the work of historians is always based on the culture they are from, as well as the culture they are writing about. Culture is crucial to the understanding of History.

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It is almost impossible to be completely certain about any events that happened a long time in the past due to a lack of eyewitnesses that are live right now. We do not have first-hand testimony nor have we lived through such an event, so it is hard as contemporary historians to discern what truly happened without levels of uncertainty. A greater amount of evidence may increase certainty, yet they may all be biased or fake. Government sources may be more reliable, but even they can censor some information. With the limited amount of evidence, one of the historian's greatest challenge is to decide which evidence to believe with certainty.

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Historians may be biased towards their own cultural perspective. For example, many countries around the world such as the Chinese exaggerate their cultural heritage such as claiming that they were descended from the gods(Even the Chinese characters for china mean "the center of the world"). Many other countries try to paint themselves in a brighter light as well, such as Imperial Japan or Goryeo Korea. All historians may be susceptible to patriotic ego.

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The more a source is used, the less likely it is that it will survive. Similarly, more preserved documents might still be around because of the efforts of certain groups, meaning that they run the risk of being biased. Also, buildings and other structures that remain standing until today, such as churches and castles, might give a skewed impression of how important they were; it is unlikely that they were widely used by the broader population, especially poorer people.

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Can one consider all pieces of history subjective? What type of text may bear more objective truths than subjective? Is their any expections to this claim? 

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Can one consider all pieces of history subjective? What type of text may bear more objective truths than subjective? Is their any expections to this claim? 

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Is it ethical and fair to judge people from back in time based on current social standards? 

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Is it ethical and fair to judge people from back in time based on current social standards? 

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Is historical knowledge predominantly objective or more like a narrative which is agree on?

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Is historical knowledge predominantly objective or more like a narrative which is agree on?

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No matter how objective the information may seem, if a group disagrees with the information, then we essentially can’t state that the information is exactly what happened. Even “facts” are pieces of information a person noted, but there is no telling what the person was thinking when they recorded the information. For instance, wars are challenging because there are two sides of the story: one that was victorious and the other that wasn’t. Depending on who recorded the information, the same events could be recorded slightly differently. Therefore, it’s fair to say that historical knowledge is more like a narrative which the majority of people agree upon.

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Is knowledge obtained from one piece of text or source? To what extent is this 'enough' to objectively produce and/or obtain knowledge from the past? What does this have to do with the subjectivity of this AOK? 

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Is knowledge obtained from one piece of text or source? To what extent is this 'enough' to objectively produce and/or obtain knowledge from the past? What does this have to do with the subjectivity of this AOK? 

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Find your version of this note catcher we did in class, from the Abbie Casson Ted talk

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Find your version of this note catcher we did in class, from the Abbie Casson Ted talk

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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In defence of presentism | Abbie Casson | TEDxTauntonSchool

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Note Catcher “In Defense of Presentism” by Abbie Casson

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Mr. Altman's Objective/ Subjective visual

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Episode 1: Primary and Secondary Sources

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Note Catcher “In Defense of Presentism” by Abbie Casson