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A liar is worse than a thief.
Proverb
Editor(s): Fran Alexander , Anne Stibbs , John Daintith

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that they lie too, that they invited the lie by being such an easy dupe, that they created a situation where they were going to get just as much punishment for telling the truth as for lying, and so on.

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The lies I told were not too much to pay for one week of happiness.”
Author(s): Robert A. Nowlan, Gwendolyn W. Nowlan

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Researchers have shown that we are especially prone to accepting lies that affirm our worldview.
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee 2016 National Geographic

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Lying and deception in close relationships

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Lying and deception in close relationships

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Few would disagree with Miller, Mongeau, and Sleight’s (1986) claim that the nature of one’s relationship with another person will greatly influence the process of lying and deception.

Editor(s): Anita L. Vangelisti , Daniel Perlman

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-‘lying is in itself evil and to be shunned’
Martin Cohen

LYING

from The Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics

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-Behavior between those telling the truth and those lying are small and inconsistent.
-The success of liars vary depending the severity of their consequences.
-Lies may be given away from body language, more specifically facial expression and sometimes speech patterns.
-Liars may attempt to learn how to control their appearances when lying.
-Lies can be spotted based on interactions amongst others.

Wright Whelan, Clea, et al. "High-Stakes Lies: Verbal and Nonverbal Cues to Deception in Public Appeals for Help with Missing or Murdered Relatives." Psychiatry, Psychology & Law, vol. 21, no. 4, Aug. 2014, pp. 523-537. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.839931.

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Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language. The ability to manipulate others without using physical force likely conferred an advantage in the competition for resources and mates, akin to the evolution of deceptive strategies in the animal kingdom, such as camouflage.

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee 2017 National Geographic

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Sometimes people lie to inflate their image

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee 2017 National Geographic magazine

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-Different theories to lying
-Emotions are no different in relationships than those to achieve a goal
-Emotions can change communication and perceptions.
-People are motivated to be accurate.
-Bias comes to play, romantic partners tend to favor one another.

Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, Social Cognition in Intimate Relationships, 2006

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lying and deception in close relationships

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lying and deception in close relationships

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-Lies attributed to people in close relationships are not always lies
- Repeating a lie or telling supplementary lies to lend support to the original lie.
-Sometimes we don’t want to see things as they are and convince ourselves through selective attention, biased reasoning, systematic ignoring, willful ignorance, or emotional detachment that certain things are not true.
-It takes two people to lie, one to lie and one to listen
-Lies are often classified as a special form of the broader term, deception

Knapp, M. L. (2006). Lying and deception in close relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Pres

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-What is important is that it is not necessary to feel guilty about the content of a lie in order to feel guilty about lying.

"Deception Guilt." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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-Psychopaths— who have been reported to show no remorse, shame, and an incapacity for love— may be much harder to detect than the average person because of their limited capacity to feel guilt.

"Deception Guilt." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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- If the target of the lie is impersonal or anonymous, then less deception guilt is generally felt.

"Deception Guilt." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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-A liar who does not share values with the target would feel less guilt.

"Deception Guilt." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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-Deception guilt refers to a feeling about lying and not the legal issue of whether someone is guilty or innocent.

"Deception Guilt." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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- The motives driving exaggeration are personal rather than public or interpersonal lying can reflect means to an end for the liar.

I’m Not Lying, I’m Telling a Future Truth. Really.

By BENEDICT CAREYMAY 6, 2008

New York Times

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- some lies are so unrealistic that the facts are obviously fabricated. Doing a fact check is crucial.

I’m Not Lying, I’m Telling a Future Truth. Really.

By BENEDICT CAREYMAY 6, 2008

New York Times

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- There are many emotions that could be involved in deception, but three seem most intertwined with deceit— fear of being caught in the lie, guilt about lying, and delight in having duped someone.

"Feelings About Lying." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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- Not all lies involve concealing or falsifying emotions.

"Feelings About Lying." Handbook of Forensic Psychology: Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, edited by William T. O'Donohue, and Eric Levensky, Elsevier Science & Technology, 1st edition, 2003.

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- If, in this case, the truth won't set you free-then lie.

"Lies and Lying." Film Quotations: 11,000 Lines Spoken on Screen, Arranged by Subject, and Indexed, Robert A. Nowlan, and Gwendolyn W. Nowlan, McFarland, 1st edition, 2013.

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-insecurity and secretiveness often fuel big lies. The frustration can even cause a new reality where the liar can not distinguished lies from the truth.

I’m Not Lying, I’m Telling a Future Truth. Really.

By BENEDICT CAREYMAY 6, 2008

New York Times

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- Trying to hold onto an inflammatory secret is mentally exhausting. The act of suppressing the information can cause thoughts of it to flood the consciousness. When telling outright lies, people tend to look and sound tenser than usual.

I’m Not Lying, I’m Telling a Future Truth. Really.

By BENEDICT CAREYMAY 6, 2008

New York Times

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- If you want to believe other people, you'd better give up lying yourself.

"Lies and Lying." Film Quotations: 11,000 Lines Spoken on Screen, Arranged by Subject, and Indexed, Robert A. Nowlan, and Gwendolyn W. Nowlan, McFarland, 1st edition, 2013.

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- deception usually puts a psychological or physical strain on the person lying. People with guilty knowledge tend to show signs of stress as measured by heart and skin sensors , under pointed questioning.

I’m Not Lying, I’m Telling a Future Truth. Really.

By BENEDICT CAREYMAY 6, 2008

New York Times

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- Lying is as old as speech; it could hardly be otherwise. Everyone does it.

"Lying." The Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics, Martin Cohen, Routledge, 1st edition, 2006.

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-People expect their lies to be detected more often by people who know them well and they often are.

Knapp, Mark L. "Lying and Deception in Close Relationships." Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, and Daniel Perlman, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2006.

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-They report being more distressed and anxious than men on the discovery that their partner in a close relationship has lied to them and more tearful and apologetic than men for the serious lies they tell

Knapp, Mark L. "Lying and Deception in Close Relationships." Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, and Daniel Perlman, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2006.

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-Serious lies are often told to cover major transgressions of the relationship such as infidelity.

Knapp, Mark L. "Lying and Deception in Close Relationships." Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, and Daniel Perlman, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2006.

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- Sometimes people in close relationships reach a point where they are so confident (or so hopeful) about understanding their partner that they overlook or reinterpret behavior which contradicts what they think they know about their partner.

Knapp, Mark L. "Lying and Deception in Close Relationships." Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, and Daniel Perlman, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2006.

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-Both Lies and Truth can make relationship life more enjoyable and fun and both lies and truth can be told in the pursuit of communication caring, warmth, and acceptance.

Knapp, M. L. (2006). Lying and deception in close relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

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- Self deception clearly plays an important role in close relationships

Knapp, Mark. “Lying and Deception in Close Relationships.” Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Daniel Perlman and Anita L. Vangelisti , 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

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- It takes two people to lie. One to lie and one to listen.

Knapp, Mark. “Lying and Deception in Close Relationships.” Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Daniel Perlman and Anita L. Vangelisti , 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

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- lies do not cease when relationships are designated as close. However lies do decrease in frequency.

Knapp, Mark. “Lying and Deception in Close Relationships.” Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Daniel Perlman and Anita L. Vangelisti , 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

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- when lying occurs, the lies are often troubling to the liar

Knapp, Mark. “Lying and Deception in Close Relationships.” Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Daniel Perlman and Anita L. Vangelisti , 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

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- emotional closeness can be a powerful deterrent to lying in close relationships

Knapp, Mark. “Lying and Deception in Close Relationships.” Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Daniel Perlman and Anita L. Vangelisti , 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

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Lying is as old as speech; it could hardly be otherwise. Everyone does it. God, doctors, teachers, philosophers – even some clever birds lie to each other.
(2006). In M. Cohen, The essentials of philosophy and ethics

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- study used a questionnaire to obtain data results on lying behavior
SU-LIN CHIU1

FU-YUAN HONG2

SHAO-I CHIU2

Source:

Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1329-1338. 10p.

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- There is a significant correlation between day to day lying behavior and various negative psychological characteristics
SU-LIN CHIU1

FU-YUAN HONG2

SHAO-I CHIU2

Source:

Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1329-1338. 10p.

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- Study showed there is no specific gender deferences in the role of lying
SU-LIN CHIU1

FU-YUAN HONG2

SHAO-I CHIU2

Source:

Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1329-1338. 10p.

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- 80% of undergraduates said they told a lie in a day to day situation in a one year period
SU-LIN CHIU1

FU-YUAN HONG2

SHAO-I CHIU2

Source:

Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1329-1338. 10p.

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- Study showed that lying can be categorized into five types; " excuse, absenteeism, cheating, negative and spending."
SU-LIN CHIU1

FU-YUAN HONG2

SHAO-I CHIU2

Source:

Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal. 2016, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1329-1338. 10p.

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-Lying will often result in better peoples images or reputation
-Reduces the conflict and or better off lying than telling the truth
-unhappiness/stress/depression in ones life
-Age is a big factor is lying but can happen at any age
Resource ESBCOhost Lone Star database.
UNDERGRADUATES’ DAY-TO-DAY LYING BEHAVIORS:
IMPLICATIONS, TARGETS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

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- Did not find any significant difference in lying according to gender.
-  There was a significant correlation found between lying behavior and negative psychological characteristics.
-  For teenagers, lying behavior is a potential indicator for clinical diagnosis with a conduct disorder.
-  The content of 80% or more lies is related to the psychological characteristics of the liar.
-  Lying behavior may also be a social skill that allows the person to avoid conflict.

SU-LIN CHIU Taipei College of Maritime Technology FU-YUAN HONG AND SHAO-I CHIU Da-Yeh University, Social Behavior and Personality,  UNDERGRADUATES’ DAY-TO-DAY LYING BEHAVIORS: IMPLICATIONS, TARGETS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, 2016.

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-A liar has to be good at lying
-Doubt their own ability to assess truth and make decisions
-3 types of lies: Malicious lies, Lies told for fun, Helpful lies
-Reduces society's general respect for truth
-denial

BBC, Lying, 2014

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-Ask basic non threatening questions to see how they respond
-Find the hot spot (subconscious clues that show they are lying)
-Watch body language
-Watch facial expressions
-Listen to Tone of voice and sentence structure (high or low voice tone, speaking in fragments, talking quickly or slowly)

Gregory L. Jantz Ph.D. , phycologytoday, 6 Ways to Detect a Liar in Just Seconds, July 16,2015

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This section will be used to write a fact you learned about lying and behavior. For this exercise, you will need to create cards from three sources (that means you'll have multiple cards, not just three. Aim for at least five from each source). However, you will only use one card for each fact.

Take this opportunity to put the outcome of your research on your research log.  Don't forget to write your keywords down.

Source:
Professor Fernandez, The Research Playbook, 2018.