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the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.

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Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body.

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A vitamin is an organic molecule which is an essential micronutrient - that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism

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Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another.

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Empty calories applies to food such as solid fats and/or added sugars supplying food energy but little or no other nutrition.

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Nutrient density identifies the proportion of nutrients in foods, with terms such as nutrient rich and micronutrient dense referring to similar properties.

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Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food

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the organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively.

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The interval time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular response to that stimulus.

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Muscular strength is generally defined as the ability to generate force at a given velocity of movement.

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Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle to lift weight repeatedly over time. Muscular endurance differs from muscular strength which is a measure of how much force you can exert in one repetition such as maximum weight, one-repetition bench press.

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The strength of the heart can be measured simply by taking the resting heart rate into account. A strong heart can pump more blood each contraction, meaning that a strong heart needs to beat less times per minute than a weak one in order for the body to have adequate blood flow.

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You gain the most benefits when you exercise in your ''target heart rate zone.'' Usually, this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60%-80% of your maximum heart rate.

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The body mass index or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass and height of an individual.

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The abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity.

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Flexibility or limberness refers to the range of movement in a joint or series of joints, and length in muscles that cross the joints to induce a bending movement or motion. Flexibility varies between individuals, particularly in terms of differences in muscle length of multi-joint muscles.

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The circulatory system , also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system , is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes ), oxygen , carbon dioxide , hormones , and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases , stabilize temperature and pH , and maintain homeostasis .

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The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

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A condition in which the airways (the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs) narrow and swell.

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Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.