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1) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". 2) was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. 3)  In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.

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1) English philosopher, scientist, and historian. 2) His political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651). 3)  he believed the only form of government strong enough to hold humanity's cruel impulses in check was absolute monarchy, where a king wielded supreme and unchecked power over his subjects.

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1) became the first person to accurately describe the function of the heart and the circulation of blood around the body. 2) discusses his theory of blood circulation with King Charles the First.3) Harvey postulated the existence of small capillary anatomizes between arteries and veins, but these were not discovered until 1661 by Marcello Malpighi

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1) Developed the theory of gravity, the laws of motion (which became the basis for physics), 2) A new type of mathematics called calculus, and 3) Made breakthroughs in the area of optics such as the reflecting telescope.

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1) Of all of his telescope discoveries, he is perhaps most known for his discovery of the four most massive moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. 2) When NASA sent a mission to Jupiter in the 1990s, it was called Galileo in honor of the famed astronomer. 3) Using the telescope, Galileo discovered the mountains on the moon, the spots on the sun, and four moons of Jupiter.

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1) His first and most famous discovery was that the planets move around the Sun in orbits shaped like ellipses. 2) Kelper's three laws of planetary motion can be stated as follows: (1) All planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. (2) A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. 3) In 1577, he witnessed a comet and a lunar eclipse in 1580.

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1) In 1532. In it, Copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the Earth. 2) Finished the first manuscript of his book, "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium". 3) was a mathematician and astronomer during a time of artistic and scientific innovation called the Renaissance.

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1) He introduced chocolate to the courts of Europe. 2) he bar is named in honor of Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor (known in English as Charles V and sometimes called Carlos I in Spanish because that was his title as ruler of Spain.) 3) He abdicated as ruler of the Spanish Empire in January 1556, with no fanfare, and gave these possessions to Philip.

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1) Elizabeth I, was Queen of England, Ireland and Wales from 1558 to 1603. 2) Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne and Boleyn. 3) Referred to as the Golden Age or Elizabethan England, an era of peace and prosperity when the arts had a chance to blossom with Elizabeth support.

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1) Henry VIII was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty. 2) In 1534, he passed the Act of Supremacy, which meant that the king, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. 3) He switched from opposition to the Protestant Reformation and instead opposed Roman Catholicism.

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1) John Calvin is best known for his doctrine of Predestination and his theocratic view of the state. 2) A french theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. 3) He also wrote what was until modern times the most widely published and read book of theology in English translation: the Institutes.

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1) Martin Luther was not originally his name. 2) A near death experiment inspired him to become a monk. 3) Luther only left the German speaking lands once in his life.