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Boyd, D. R., Bee, H. L., & Johnson, P. A. (2014). Lifespan development. Pearson.

Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2015). The life span: Human development for helping professionals. Boston: Pearson.

Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-span human development. Cengage Learning.

Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International journal of behavioral development, 38(2), 182-194.

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Middle Adulthood
Very determined to pass knowledge to the next generation
Determined to change the society
Middle adults are very determined to pass knowledge to the younger generation. They are self determined and are often involved in community activities that involves teaching and training younger people.
Late Adulthood
Low self determination
Have divided attention especially on heavy task work
The late adults, on the other hand, have a low self determination. They often have a divided attention when dealing with demanding tasks (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

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Middle Adulthood
Having grown children
Some start becoming grandparents
Lose direct control over their children who are becoming more independent
The middle adults mostly have children who are teenagers or older. Some of them start becoming grandparents at this stage. Their children begin to seek independence as they stabilize financially and mentally. Because of this, these adults lose direct control over their children (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

Late Adulthood
Most have fully grown children
Most are grandparents while some are great grandparents
The children and fully independent
the late adults have fully grown and independent children. Most of them are grandparents while some are great grandparents (Sigelman & Rider, 2014). They  have completely no direct control over their children.

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Middle Adulthood
Have low ego integrity
Are often focused on other things other than looking at achievements and failures
In middle adulthood, there is lower ego integrity compared to the late adulthood. Most people in this stage still struggle to achieve success and therefore do not regret on past mistakes. They want to correct the mistakes and get better lives (Sigelman & Rider, 2014)
Late Adulthood
Increased ego integrity
Reflecting back life achievements and failures
the late adults have a higher ego integrity. They often reflect on their past experiences and either regret their mistakes or feel a sense of satisfaction from their achievements
The late adults have a higher ego integrity. They often reflect on their past experiences and either regret their mistakes or feel a sense of satisfaction from their achievements (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015)

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Middle Adulthood

Life span reduces because of increase in chronic diseases

Cancer is a major cause of death in this stage
In the middle adulthood, the lifespan reduces because of threats from diseases. Most of these adults die of cancer than of chronic diseases (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).
Late Adulthood
Very short life span because of diseases and low immunity
Tissues start wearing off and are rarely replaced
In late adulthood, the chronic diseases are the leading causes of death. The life span is very short and most of the adults die in this stage. There is wearing off of tissues that are not replaced leading to decreased body wellness and thus death (Zimmermann & Iwanski, 2014).

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Middle Adulthood
Active involvement in teaching/ guiding
Many are involved in activities to improve the society
Many become grandparents
Middle adulthood is often actively involved in teaching or guiding the next generation. While some may be isolated and self-centered, many of the members in this stage of development are involved in activities that aim at improving the society (Zimmermann & Iwanski, 2014).

Late Adulthood
Looking back at one’s life experiences and evaluating
Most are grandparents while some become great grandparents
In the late adulthood, the adults often looks back at their lives and evaluate their experiences. It is often filled with a sense of satisfaction or regret. Most of the members of this stage are grandparents while others are great grandparents (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015).

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Middle Adulthood

Middle Adulthood
Bone loss in female
Decline in muscle strength and stamina
Thin and grey hair and wrinkled skin
Surfacing of chronic health problems
The female in middle adulthood may experience bone loss as early as 35 years. Men may nit experience bone loss until the age or 65. Muscle strength and stamina may  begin to decrease at this stage. Hair may also start turning gray and thin (Sigelman & Rider, 2014). Wrinkles start appearing on the skin. Chronic health issues such as diabetes, heat disease, and hypertension may surface at this stage.

Late Adulthood
Reduced heart functioning
More noticeable wrinkles and age spots
Hair becomes thinner and greyer
Yellowing of the teeth
I n late adulthood, there is reduced functioning of the heart caused by the reduced capacity of the heart to pump blood through the circulatory system. This is caused by the hardening of the arteries and shrinking of the blood vessels. Wrinkles and age spots tend to be more noticeable. The skin also loses its elasticity. The hair becomes thinner and greyer and there is yellowing of the teeth (Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, 2015)

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Middle Adulthood

40 to 60 years of age

Decline or increase in intellectual ability

Increase in crystallized intelligence

Fluid intelligence begin to decline
In middle adulthood, some experience a decline in their intellectual abilities while others experience an increase in these abilities. The acquired store of skills, information and strategy, also known as crystallized information increases (Boyd, Bee, & Johnson, (2014). The ability to deal with new situations, also known as fluid intelligence, begin to decline.

Late adulthood

Beyond 60 years of age

Declined speed of processing information

Selective attention

Divided attention
In late adulthood, there is a decline in the speed of processing information because of the decline in the brain and CNS functioning. There is also a selective attention causing reduced performance in areas where they are not competent. These adults also have divided attention especially when handling difficult tasks (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015)