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Layla Rochefort
Mayu Uemura
Andrea Manuelli
Francine Fiedler
Michelle Joyce (away til 20th May)

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Andrea: social and cultural
Layla: political and ethical
Mary: economic
Francie: Legal (?)

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http://www.who.int/globalchange/en/

http://www.who.int/globalchange/summary/en/index11.html

http://www.who.int/globalchange/summary/en/index5.html

http://www.who.int/globalchange/summary/en/index4.html

http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health

(Andrea)

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http://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/22-10-2015-new-report-identifies-four-ways-to-reduce-health-risks-from-climate-pollutants

https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/we-must-kill-dirty-coal-before-it-kills-us-20140902-10b8lk.html
(LAYLA)

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https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=45112

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Link : Economic dimention
Mayu Uemura

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http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/didyouknow-local-authorities.pdf?ua=1                                     Link : Economic dimention

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http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/didyouknow-local-authorities.pdf?ua=1                                     Link : Economic dimention

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Mayu Uemura

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Link : Economic
Mayu Uemura

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https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/institute-for-international-programs/current-projects/lives-saved-tool/index.html

http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/cop19-2013/en/

(Andrea)

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https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/we-must-kill-dirty-coal-before-it-kills-us-20140902-10b8lk.html

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Economic dimension

Mayu

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The World Health Organization is part of the United Nations’ system. They set norms, provide support to countries and their government , do research on the health field and lead ethically on issues related to health all around the world. Their mission is to built an universal health coverage by creating strong programs inside countries. In additional, they want to prevent non communicable diseases like lung cancer and communicable ones like AIDS.

According to the WHO Organization , there are significant ethical problems to the health problems regarding coal and carbon emissions :

Globally, they are more than 200,000 deaths per year because of the air pollution from coal combustions.

Direct impacts on the health of workers, miners and communities living nearby the mines for example non communicable diseases like bronchitis, lung cancer and heart diseases.

In the case of Hazzlewood mine, communities around were recommended by the Australian government to leave their house after reporting health problems. There’s a lack of responsible actions from the government and the mining companies.

It cost $2.6 billion dollars to the Australian government each year in health care because of the coal industry. The damages of coal are affecting the Australian population, therefore, its government. How about the coal industry ?

Here are some solutions proposed by the WHO Organization according to reports previously made :

Reducing the emissions of SLPCs ( short-lived climate pollutants ) like carbon, methane, carbon dioxide and ozone.

Taking actions on every level of a country : governments, ministries and cities.

Developing clean and sustainable fuel alternatives and technologies.

Encouraging more sustainable options for transportation than cars.

The SLPCs are responsible for more than 7 million premature deaths in the world  and additionally to global warming. Governments , ministries and cities have to promote greener options for transportation like public transports and electric cars.

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The WHO with the different governments and its offices widespread in more than 150 countries, aspires to guarantee a better level of health to people all over the world.

With its conducts, it ensures the safety of the water people drink, the food they eat and the air they breathe providing tools for the health care as for example vaccines and medicines.

Many, in concordance with the WHO, are the social and cultural issues caused by gas emissions and coal emerged in the last years, but the main ones are:

·      Almost 3 billion people all around the world cook using kerosene and coal fueled open fires and stoves.

·      Annually, around 4 billion people die prematurely due to illnesses originated from the inhalation of dangerous gases.

·      Household air pollution is also one of the main causes of death of children under five years old.

Recently some resolutions and implements have been introduced by the WHO that could be used in order to abolish and to contrast the problematics above specified.

·      Household energy database: used to monitor global progress in the transition to cleaner fuel in households.

·      Clean Household Energy Solutions Toolkit (CHEST): a guideline for the indoor air inequality which provides information and tools to the states.

·      Lives Saved Tool (LiST): a regularly updated model that estimates influence of the nutrition intervention and the scaling up on maternal health, child and new-born.

The World Health Organization is building capacity at the regional and country level to address household air pollution through workshop and direct consultations on household health and energy. The organisation in collaboration with researchers, experts and the different governments is planning to harmonize the methods of evaluation across settings so that health impacts of coals are assessed and treated with the right remedies with main goal of educate and train people to avoid the use of toxic substances in the everyday life.

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Mayu                                   (317 words )                        The World Health organisation (WHO) is one of the specialised agency which belongs to the United States. This organisation aims to improve and maintain the health of all human beings which are considered as basic human rights. According to the document published by the WHO, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 can improve not only health but also the environment and economy in the world. The research conducted by International Monetary Fund (IMF) states, if the world can shift to renewable energy sources and low carbon energy sources, trillions of dollars can be saved in health and health care costs, offsetting the costs for new investments. For instance, the costs for treatment of the disease called kerosene, which is related burns and poisonings, have been estimated at approximately US$30 million each year in South Africa. Therefore, changing to safer and cleaner energy sources can contribute to generate enormous and speedy savings which promptly justify new investments in projects of climate adaptation and mitigation. At the same time, IMF shows that, “fossil fuel combustion is effectively subsidised by approximately US $5.3 trillion a year – up from US $2 trillion in 2011 – because polluters rarely pay for the health or environmental damage they cause.” The same study also concluded that “placing a nationally appropriate price on carbon would cut outdoor air pollution deaths (currently 3.7 million per year) by half, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 20%. This would raise approximately 3% of GDP, or US $3 trillion per year. This revenue could be reinvested in growth-enhancing public spending – for example in health, education and the green economy. It would also save hundreds of thousands of lives.” Additionally, the analysis of IMF says, health can be a “key to the arithmetic, accounting for about half of the overall value of the gains from a nationally appropriate carbon price.

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Mayu                                   (317 words )                        The World Health organisation (WHO) is one of the specialised agency which belongs to the United States. This organisation aims to improve and maintain the health of all human beings which are considered as basic human rights. According to the document published by the WHO, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 can improve not only health but also the environment and economy in the world. The research conducted by International Monetary Fund (IMF) states, if the world can shift to renewable energy sources and low carbon energy sources, trillions of dollars can be saved in health and health care costs, offsetting the costs for new investments. For instance, the costs for treatment of the disease called kerosene, which is related burns and poisonings, have been estimated at approximately US$30 million each year in South Africa. Therefore, changing to safer and cleaner energy sources can contribute to generate enormous and speedy savings which promptly justify new investments in projects of climate adaptation and mitigation. At the same time, IMF shows that, “fossil fuel combustion is effectively subsidised by approximately US $5.3 trillion a year – up from US $2 trillion in 2011 – because polluters rarely pay for the health or environmental damage they cause.” The same study also concluded that “placing a nationally appropriate price on carbon would cut outdoor air pollution deaths (currently 3.7 million per year) by half, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 20%. This would raise approximately 3% of GDP, or US $3 trillion per year. This revenue could be reinvested in growth-enhancing public spending – for example in health, education and the green economy. It would also save hundreds of thousands of lives.” Additionally, the analysis of IMF says, health can be a “key to the arithmetic, accounting for about half of the overall value of the gains from a nationally appropriate carbon price.

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-We believe that health work must be directed by prevention, not just treatment. After analysing your proposals, Getup! Is of the belief that you are attempting to implement bandaid solutions to address climate change issues. How do you respond to the notion that you are acting solely in response to symptoms of climate change as presented through human health outcomes, and overlooking the causal elements?

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Q: The solutions the WHO have proposed, have entirely missed citizen engagement which is a vital component in reducing carbon emissions. In the past WHO addressed the AIDS epidemic and other communicable diseases with fierce local campaigning and public health messages to improve awareness and control of these diseases. WHO’s stance on climate change is that ‘climate change affects social and environmental determinants of health.’ With this being the case, where are the actions to mobilise communities to address this issue?

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Question:
After critically examining WHO's proposals, it is evident the organisation hasn't implemented an engaging and proactive plan in directly lowering carbon emissions. Rather they have only established a 'platform' to address this detrimental issue. How will WHO implement rapid plan in lowering cO2 emission?

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Here is some of the research I have been doing for this padlet.

Firstly, I think a pressing issue with WHO has been, as all the above have highlighted, a lack of engagement and effectiveness in combating health issues related to climate change. These problems have been around since a long time ago, which is why in my research I have looked at both older articles as well as recent ones.

In 2003, Keith Baverstock wrote in the British Medical Journal an article titled 'A time to ask what you want of WHO'. This is a good starting point for asking exactly what WHO's role is now, and how it should evolve in the future to be more proactive. Generally, he says that everybody agrees that universal health is a goal that all should work towards: 'Many of the public health issues that face us today are not controversal... Public health, however, is also contingent on less clear cut issues, particularly in the area of environment and health, where the detriment and the cause are not so obviously associated, or visible, and the balance between societal benefit and individual detriment contentious.' On that, Baverstock says that retrospectively dispensing pills and counting the sick and dead is one thing that WHO does (and does adequately), but what WHO lacks is the proactive harnessing of science and technological innovation. As a solution, member states need to 'decide' (by what means, I suppose by plenary or assembly). I think Baverstock also advocates for more proactive leadership - I think we should look at Tedros Adhanom's profile in detail to look for further clues on the WHO's future direction.

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Here is a relevant summary of the WHO's work in promoting the health argument in the climate change debate.

- The Call to Action on climate and health
- The Paris Platform for Healthy Energy
- 2008 Resolution 61.19 on climate change and health that gives a framework for action to governments, emphasising the health sector's responsibility to increase effeorts on climate change adaptation projects, to raise awareness on climate change health impacts at national and international levels.
- role in the 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on  Climate Change - reporting climatological assessments from climate scientists to show climate change's impact on health.

So the WHO has produced much literature on the link between health and climate change but policy, or the WHO's mandate, does not seem to have changed so much.

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The topic of health and climate change has urged the WHO to produce some literature, but it is still the least studied topic in comparison to transportation, economy, energy, atomic energy, food and industry. Each of these have about twice more publications as the health sector. Even a UTS library search will turn up significantly less results, although the issue is just as real or pressing. Perhaps education can help the mainstreaming of health into the climate change debate, and engaging more medical scientists with climate change scientists to foster interdisciplinary dialogue.

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Have you considered that your economic exploits are transboundary and therefore can cause long term damage to other states and their citizens?

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A pressing problem is not the direct impact of climate change on health. The WHO at current has the capacity to deal with those issues. But the problem may be the efficient distribution of WHO resources.
Public health policies should therefore focus on reducing health inequalities. Climate stabilisation alone is insufficient to solve global health.