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Reducing Sugars, Carbon Chain, Anomeric Carbon, Glycosidic bonds, Glucose, Starch, Collagen, Respiration, Saturated, Unsaturated, alpha Glucose, beta Glucose, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharides condensation, hydrolysis, amylose, amylopectin

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monosaccharides, disaccharides
general formula (CH2O)n
contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
have a carbonyl group
glycosidic bonds are formed between monosaccharides to form polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The basic units are the monosaccharides, which can be linked up by glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The non-anomeric carbon atoms involved the glycosidic bond and the position and kind of the functional groups attached on the 2 sides of the bond determines the characteristics of the sugar.

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Sugars, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, aldose, ketose, glycosidic bonds, alpha and beta glycosidic bonds, condensation and hyrdrolysis, structural and storage polysaccharides, anomeric carbon.

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Biomolecules that have the general formula (CH2O)n
Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
-OH function groups and omeric carbon
Monosaccharides: aldose and kerosene sugars
Polymers are formed from monomers linked by glycosidic bonds
Storage and structural polysaccharides: starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, cellulose

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carbohydrates
alpha, beta molecules
anomeric carbon
condensation reaction, hydrolysis reaction
glycosidic bond
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
aldose, ketose

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Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Aldehyde
Ketones
Glycosidic bond/linkage
Anomeric carbon
Ring structure
Function: structural support, cell recognition

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Carbohydrates (structural and storage)

Cellulose: straight unbranched chain, beta glucose, beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds, hydrogen bonds between chains, microfibrils, macrofibrils, high tensile strength

Starch: alpha glucose; amylose, amylopectin

Anomeric carbon

Amylose: alpha (1,4) glycosidic bonds, unbranched, helical, compact; easily hydrolysed

Amylopectin: alpha (1,4) and (1,6) glycosidic bonds, branched, highly compact; easily hydrolysed

Glycogen

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Starch(amylose amylopectin): storage in plants
glycogen: branched, storage, animals
cellulose (macro/microfibrils): structural support
Alpha/beta glucose
Glycosidic bonds
Monosaccharides (aldose/ketose)
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Reducing sugars (Benedict's Test)
Condensation/hydrolysis
Anomeric carbon
Carbonyl group

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Glycosidic bonds
αβ
Hexose
Carbon hydrogen oxygen

H:O =2:1

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Monosaccharides (aldo and keto sugars), linear and ring forms, alpha and beta configurations of the hydroxyl grouplinked by glycosidic bonds into disaccharides, reducing and non-reducing sugars, polysaccharides (starch, glycogen for storage, cellulose for structural support)

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Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides/disaccharides etc
Monomers --> glycosidic bond --> polymers
Carbonyl group
Anomeric carbon --> hydroxyl group --> alpha/beta
form
Poysaccharides: storage and structural
SPF

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Carbonyl Group: Aldehyde/Ketone
Cyclization of linear monosaccharides to form ring structure (OH reacts with C in carbonyl group and transfers it’s hydrogen to the oxygen atom connected to the anomeric carbon)
Formation of Glycosidic bonds —> condensation
Alpha below beta above ABBA
Alpha (1,4) glycosidic bond in Amylose
Alpha (1,4) and alpha (1,6) glycosidic bond in amylopectin giving rise to branches
Alpha (1,4) and alpha (1,6) glycosidic bond in glycogen
Beta (1,4) glycosidic bond in cellulose; alternating arrangement
Relating structure to function of glycogen, cellulose and starch

Test for RS (presence of free carbonyl group)

Test for starch

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Organic compounds formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

General formula C n(H2O)m

Have a carbonyl functional group (C=C)

Monosaccharides can be aldose (e.g glucose) or ketose (e.g fructose) sugar

Disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are formed from the linking of monosaccharides by forming glycosidic bonds

Glycosidic bonds are formed from condensation reaction, with at least one anomeric carbon

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Anomeric carbons
Aldoses, ketoses
glycosidic linkages
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Reducing sugars
Alpha beta glucose
Starch-Amylose and amylopectin
Cellulose

Glycogen
Acid hydrolysis

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Carbohydrates can be classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides can be aldose or ketose
sugars depending on the carbon which the carbonyl group is linked to.
An anomeric carbon is a carbon joined to 2 oxygen atoms.
Glycosidic bonds are formed between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide through a condensation reaction.
Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose. Starch and glycogen perform storage functions while cellulose provides structural support.

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Aldose and ketose sugars
Respiratory substrates to release ATP
Glycosidic bonds (O-C-O)
Condensation reaction
Anomeric carbon
Alpha- and beta-glucose
Starch (amylose and amylopectin)
Cellulose (beta 1,4 glycosidic bond)
Glycogen

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Carbohydrate has a carbonyl group in the form of a ketone or aldehyde

Disaccharides are formed from 2 monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond

Polysaccharide are polymers

Examples of polysaccharides include starch and glycogen

Starch is made of branched amylopectin and unbranched amylose

Alpha glucose Linked together in a chain

(1,4) alpha glycosidic bond and (1,6)alpha glycosidic bond

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Monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycosidic bond, alpha and beta form of monosaccharides
Aldose and Ketose
Anomeric carbon (involved in formation of glycosidic bond, few free anomeric hydroxyl groups make polysaccharides unreactive and stable)
a(1,4) glycosidic bond (unbranched)
a(1,6)glycosidic bond (branched)
Starch (amylose, amylopectin)
Cellulose (glucose linked by B(1,4)-glycosidic bonds)
Glycogen

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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

starch consists of amylose and amylopectin which consists of glucose held together in alpha glycosidic bonds

cellulose consists of glucose held together in beta glycosidic bonds

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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Glycosidic bond.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, oligiosaccharides
Starch, cellulose, sucrose, fructose, glucose, glycerol
Branched molecule
Alpha and beta glucose
Benedict’s test for reducing sugar, Benedict’s test for non-reducing sugar (adding hydrochloric acid to hydrolyse the molecule)

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General formula (CH2O)n
Interchangable straight/Ring structure
Monomers linked by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides,polysaccharides
Alpha and beta forms of glucose
Polysaccharides structural support:cellulose storage:glycogen and starch

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Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, alpha and beta bonds, ketones and aldose sugars, condensation, starch, cellulose, glucose, glycogen, glycosidic bonds, fructose, galactose, lactose, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, Benedict's test, sucrose, blue to brick-red precipitate :))))

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Carbohydrates:
- glucose (alpha and beta)
- sugar
- glycosidic bond
- energy storage
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
- non-polar

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Reducing Sugars, Carbon Chain, Anomeric Carbon, Glycosidic bonds, Glucose, Starch, Collagen, Respiration, Saturated, Unsaturated, alpha Glucose, beta Glucose, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharides condensation, hydrolysis, amylose, amylopectin

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- Aldose and ketone sugar
- Amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ( H:O, 2:1)
- Anomeric carbon (O-C-O)
- Test for reducing sugars, acid hydrolysis for non reducing
- alpha (1,4), (1,6) and beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds
- In amylopectin, branches occur at every 12-30 residues and each branch is 24-30 residues long
- Large storage of energy, compact, easily hydrolysed, insoluble in water, Unreactive
- For glycogen and amylopectin, free ends for enzymes to act on
- beta is above alpha is below
- monosaccharides form polysaccharides via acondensation

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Energy storage, structural support
Large molecules, insoluble,

Glycosidic bonds (alpha and beta; 1,4 and 1,6), condensation reaction

Anomeric carbon
Starch(amylose, amylopectin), Glycogen, Cellulose
Aldehydes vs Ketones
Carbon, hydrogen x2 , oxygen

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monosaccharides
alpha and beta glucose
ketoses and aldoses
anomeric carbon
condensation and hydrolysis reactions
glycosidic bonds
reducing sugars
Benedict’s test
storage polysaccharides - starch & glycogen
structural polysaccharide - cellulose