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-Evidencias de logro parciales y finales: secuencia de traducciones
-Evidencias de reflexión: conclusiones
-Evidencias de organización de fuentes materiales, digitales y personales: glosario, decisiones de traducción
-Evidencias de toma de decisiones: comentarios entre compañeros en el cuerpo de trabajo respecto a decisiones de traducción y terminológicas
-  Evidencias de cambio conceptual: asimilación de correcciones y devolución; negociación de significados
- Evidencias de comprensión: conclusiones

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A través de esta propuesta de trabajo, los alumnos podrán:
1) Recopilar en forma digital las distintas versiones de las traducciones y poder evaluar su progreso al desarrollar la reflexión y la metacognición.
2) Tener a disposición herramientas para leer, reflexionar y compartir.
3) Tener a disposición las correcciones y devoluciones de la docente para la elaboración de versiones mejoradas/superadoras y llegar a un producto mejor cada vez.
4) Elaborar un producto final en equipo de forma colaborativa; negociar significados y toma de decisiones.
5) Tener a disposición la bibliografía para interiorizarse en el tema y su terminología específica.
6) Tener a disposición links y accesos directos a los documentos de trabajo y devolución.
7) Disponer de un espacio para la reflexión personal y grupal sobre lo realizado.
8) Recibir feedback sobre las producciones realizadas y poder reproducirlo las veces que sea necesario.

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Group 1: Micaela Morales and Pablo Alvarez

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1) Get in groups;
2) Look for information on the topic;
3) Make a glossary;
4) Write your first draft;
5) Write your second draft (considering comments and corrections);
6) Draw conclusions on your progress (after receiving feedback). Think about what you have learnt.

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Sodium Chloride as Raw Material (Final version)

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Sodium Chloride as Raw Material (Final version)

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Group 1

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We have learnt that:
- Research and documentation are extremely important for a good translation.
- Articles do not collocate with mass/uncountable nouns.
- Formulas have their own conventions besides languages.
- Our translation improved a lot after receiving feedback.
- We feel more confident translating this specific jargon.
- We enjoyed teamwork; and we learnt from others' work and ideas.

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Article: Química industrial y procesos industriales

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Source: Britannica Encyclopaedia

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Salt (NaCl) , sodium chloride, mineral substance of great importance to human and animal health, as well as to industry. The mineral form halite , or rock salt, is sometimes called common salt to distinguish it from a class of chemical compounds called salts .

Properties of common salt are shown in the table. Salt is essential to the health of both people and animals. Table salt, used universally as a seasoning, is fine-grained and of high purity. To ensure that this hygroscopic (i.e., water-attracting) substance will remain free-flowing when exposed to the atmosphere, small quantities of sodium aluminosilicate, tricalcium phosphate , or magnesium silicate are added. Iodized salt -that is, salt to which small quantities of potassium iodide have been added-is widely used in areas where iodine is lacking from the diet, a deficiency that can cause swelling of the thyroid gland , commonly called goitre . Livestock also require salt; it is often made available in solid blocks.

The meat-packing, sausage-making, fish-curing, and food-processing industries use salt as a preservative or seasoning or both. It is employed for curing and preserving hides and as a brine for refrigeration.

In the chemical industry , salt is required in the manufacture of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), hydrochloric acid , chlorine , and many other chemicals. Salt is also employed in soap , glaze, and porcelain enamel manufacture and enters into metallurgical processes as a flux (a substance promoting fusing of metals).

When applied to snow or ice , salt lowers the melting point of the mixture. Thus, large amounts are used in northern climates to help rid thoroughfares of accumulated snow and ice. Salt is used in water-softening equipment that removes calcium and magnesium compounds from water.

History of use

In some parts of the Western Hemisphere and in India, the use of salt was introduced by Europeans, but in parts of central Africa it is still a luxury available only to the rich. Where people live mainly on milk and raw or roasted meat (so that its natural salts are not lost), sodium chloride supplements are unnecessary; nomads with their flocks of sheep or herds of cattle, for example, never eat salt with their food. On the other hand, people who live mostly on cereal, vegetable, or boiled meat diets require supplements of salt.

The habitual use of salt is intimately connected with the advance from nomadic to agricultural life, a step in civilization that profoundly influenced the rituals and cults of almost all ancient nations. The gods were worshipped as the givers of the kindly fruits of the earth, and salt was usually included in sacrificial offerings consisting wholly or partly of cereal elements. Such offerings were prevalent among the Greeks and Romans and among a number of the Semitic peoples.

Covenants were ordinarily made over a sacrificial meal, in which salt was a necessary element. The preservative qualities of salt made it a peculiarly fitting symbol of an enduring compact, sealing it with an obligation to fidelity. The word salt thus acquired connotations of high esteem and honour in ancient and modern languages. Examples include the Arab avowal "There is salt between us," the Hebrew expression "to eat the salt of the palace," and the modern Persian phrase namak ḥarām, "untrue to salt" (i.e., disloyal or ungrateful). In English the term "salt of the earth" describes a person held in high esteem.

Salt contributes greatly to our knowledge of the ancient highways of commerce. One of the oldest roads in Italy is the Via Salaria (Salt Route) over which Roman salt from Ostia was carried into other parts of Italy. Herodotus tells of a caravan route that united the salt oases of the Libyan Desert . The ancient trade between the Aegean and the Black Sea coast of southern Russia was largely dependent on the salt pans (ponds for evaporating seawater to obtain salt) at the mouth of the Dnieper River and on the salt fish brought from this district.

Cakes of salt have been used as money in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa and in Tibet . In the Roman army an allowance of salt was made to officers and men; in imperial times, this salarium (from which the English word salary is derived) was converted into an allowance of money for salt.

China, the United States, India, Germany, Canada, and Australia are the world's largest salt producers in the early 21st century.
Frank Osborne Wood

Occurrence

Seawater

Though the material that gives seawater its salty flavour is composed of many substances, sodium chloride, or common salt, is by far the predominant compound. On the assumption that 1 gallon (about 4 litres) of seawater contains 0.231 pound (about 105 grams) of salt and that rock salt on the average is 2.17 times as dense as water, it has been estimated that if the oceans of the world were completely dried up, they would yield at least 4.5 million cubic miles of rock salt, or about 14.5 times the bulk of the entire continent of Europe above the high-water mark.

Seawater contains on the average about 3 percent salt, although the actual concentration varies from about 1 percent (in the polar seas) to 5 percent. Enclosed waters such as the Mediterranean and Red seas contain a higher proportion of salt than does the open ocean at the same latitude . Irrespective of the source of the seawater, salt obtained by the evaporation of seawater has the following composition: sodium chloride 77.76 percent, magnesium chloride 10.88 percent, magnesium sulfate 4.74 percent, calcium sulfate 3.60 percent, potassium chloride 2.46 percent, magnesium bromide 0.22 percent, and calcium carbonate 0.34 percent.

Natural brines

Brine is water containing a high concentration of salt. Natural brines of commercial importance are found in the Dead Sea as well as in Austria, France , Germany, India, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Salt in brines is nearly always accompanied by chlorides and sulfates of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; carbonates and the element bromine often are present as well.

The Dead Sea , which covers an area of 1,020 square km (394 square miles), contains approximately 12,650,000,000 tons of salt. The Jordan River , which contains only 35 parts of salt per 100,000 parts of water , adds 850,000 tons of salt to this total each year.

The concentration of salts in the Dead Sea varies from 270 to 300 parts per thousand to a depth of 40 metres (130 feet); it increases gradually from 40 to 100 metres (130 to 330) feet and remains a fairly constant 332 parts per thousand below 100 metres. Dead Sea water is relatively free from sulfates and has a high proportion of potassium and bromine. Because atmospheric conditions favour evaporation by sunlight (solar evaporation) for about eight months of the year, the production of salt, potassium, and bromine is feasible in the Dead Sea area. The process used for recovery of salt and potash is similar to that described below under Salt manufacture . The Indian brines at Khārāghoda resemble seawater in the character of their dissolved salts but are much more concentrated and in some cases virtually saturated; that is, they have dissolved all the salt they can.

Certain natural brines occurring in the United Kingdom and the United States are of special interest because they contain salts , such as the chlorides of barium and strontium , that are not usually found in brines. Special processing methods are required to produce salt from such brines. In Britain these unusual brines are found at great depths during test drillings for petroleum , while in the United States such brines occur in deep wells in several places.
Frank Osborne Wood Robert H. Ralston

Rock salt

Rock salt is crystalline sodium chloride, called halite by mineralogists. It occurs widely in the form of rock masses and beds and is abundant in rocks from all geologic periods. Because of its great solubility in water, it occurs under extremely thick cover in humid regions but lies close to the surface in arid regions.

All major rock salt deposits originated from the evaporation of seawater at some time during the geologic past. Approximately 78 percent of the mineral matter in normal seawater is sodium chloride. Upon evaporation of about nine-tenths of the volume of seawater, rock salt is precipitated. Calcium sulfate ( gypsum and anhydrite ) and potassium and magnesium salts also are precipitated. Deposits are found in beds from a few feet to many hundreds of feet thick. The ages of these beds range through much of geologic time . Because evaporation of a large quantity of seawater leaves only a small amount of salt, it is theorized that many extremely thick rock salt beds were deposited in partly enclosed arms of the seas in which evaporation was greater than the inflow of salt water. A barrier on the seafloor at the entrance to the basin prevented the outflow of the concentrated saline water.

Such bedded salt deposits occur in the Punjab Salt Range in Pakistan and in Iran; however, these deposits have been little exploited. Similar deposits in the United States and Canada are worked extensively for both industrial and domestic use. Other important salt deposits, usually classified by the age of the surrounding rock, are found in Germany, Nova Scotia , the sub- Carpathian region extending from Poland through Hungary and Romania, and the province of Sichuan in China, where salt wells have been in existence for more than 2,000 years.

Another economically important type of rock salt deposit is the salt domes , which were formed when earth pressure forced up plugs of rock salt measuring approximately a mile across. The domes appear to result from pressure, which pushes the salt up through the rocks from depths as great as 50,000 feet (15,000 metres). Many domes occur at shallow depths and are extensively mined. Domes in the sub-Carpathian region of Europe have been worked since ancient times. The North German Plain has many extensively mined domes, which are thought to have originated below 6,000 feet; domes also are abundant along the U.S. Gulf Coast. Rock salt may be obtained from domes by the usual mining methods or by drilling wells into the salt strata and pumping water down to dissolve the salt; the brine is then returned to the surface, where it is processed like natural brine.
Frank Osborne Wood John M. Hills Robert H. Ralston

Salt manufacture

At one time almost all the salt used in commerce was produced from the evaporation of seawater, and sea salt still is a staple commodity in many maritime countries, especially where the climate is dry and the summer is long. Commercial salt is manufactured from rock salt, as well as from seawater and other natural and artificial brines . Most of the artificial brines are obtained by pumping water into underground salt beds. A considerable amount of brine itself is used directly in industrial countries.

Manufacture from rock salt

The beds of rock salt are mined or quarried by the usual excavation methods, depending on the depths and thicknesses of the deposits and on local conditions. The mined rock salt sometimes is dissolved and the salt manufactured by treatment of the brine, as described below. The method affords opportunities for purification of the salt. When the rock salt is of a high degree of purity, as in Poland and the United States, the salt may be ground, screened, and marketed without further processing. The salt is mined in large lumps that are first crushed, then more finely ground and screened by size into various grades; the salt is then bulk-loaded into trucks, hoppers, or barges or loaded into bags for further handling. Bulk handling has been greatly facilitated by the use of anticaking agents which allow the salt to be stored uncovered and outdoors without becoming a hard mass again.

Manufacture from seawater and brines

Only a certain quantity of salt will dissolve in water at any given temperature. Once the solution contains as much salt as it can hold, it is said to be saturated; any further additions of salt will not dissolve.

Evaporation is the reverse of this process. When an aqueous solution of several salts ( seawater , for example) is evaporated, each of the salts precipitates as it reaches its point of saturation in the solution. Thus, the different salts in seawater will precipitate at different times, forming layers on the bottom of the evaporating pond. For seawater and many brines, the order of deposition is calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium magnesium chloride, and magnesium chloride.

Frank Osborne Wood Robert H. Ralston

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Salt (NaCl) , sodium chloride, mineral substance of great importance to human and animal health, as well as to industry. The mineral form halite , or rock salt, is sometimes called common salt to distinguish it from a class of chemical compounds called salts . Properties of common salt are shown in the table.

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Group 1: Micaela Morales and Pablo Alvarez

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Sodium Chloride as a Raw Material (1st draft)

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Sodium Chloride as a Raw Material (1st draft)

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Group 1