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in reproduction each new organism obtain a set of chromosomes from its parent or parents

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in reproduction each new organism obtain a set of chromosomes from its parent or parents

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chromosomes are located in the nucleus of a cell

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chromosomes are located in the nucleus of a cell

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they contain sets of instruction known as genes

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asexual reproduction involves just one parent

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asexual reproduction involves just one parent

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many plants are able to reproduce asexually

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many plants are able to reproduce asexually

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this is advantageous if the original plant had exactly the characteristics that are wanted

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some of the plant's stem grow normally above ground producing leaves; other stems grow under the soil: swelling called tubers grow on them

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some of the plant's stem grow normally above ground producing leaves; other stems grow under the soil: swelling called tubers grow on them

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sucrose is transported from the leaves into these tubers, where it is converted into starch and stored

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each plant can produce many stem tubers, that are harvested to be used as food, others are saved to produce next year's crop

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each plant can produce many stem tubers, that are harvested to be used as food, others are saved to produce next year's crop

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each potato plant can give rise many tubers, so, one plant can give rise to many new ones

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to get more plants tubers can be cut into several pieces

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to get more plants tubers can be cut into several pieces

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as long as each piece has a bud on it, it can grow into a complete new plant

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the zygote divides again and again and eventually grows into a new organism

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the zygote divides again and again and eventually grows into a new organism

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a zygote contains chromosomes from both its parents; it can have any combination of theyr genes

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the fruits of wild banana contains seeds

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reproducing by producing seeds is a type of sexual reproduction

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reproducing by producing seeds is a type of sexual reproduction

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the new plants that grow from the seeds are a little bit different from each other

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modern banana cultivars have been bred to be seedless

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modern banana cultivars have been bred to be seedless

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the only way of propagating the plants is to dig up suckers that grow from a mature plant, and plant them so that they will grow into new plants

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a sucker is a stem, with roots, that grows out of the parent plant

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a sucker is a stem, with roots, that grows out of the parent plant

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suckers have exactly the same genes as their parent (clones)

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cavendish banana plant is susceptible to a fungal disease called PANAMA DISEASE

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cavendish banana plant is susceptible to a fungal disease called PANAMA DISEASE

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this fungus is resistant to fungicides, so scientists are working to produce new varietis of banana to replace cavendish

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when two gametes fuse together, they form a diploid zygote

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when two gametes fuse together, the zygote they form will have the correct number of chromosomes

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when two gametes fuse together, the zygote they form will have the correct number of chromosomes

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for example, humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, but human egg and sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes each.

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the 46 chromosomes of an ordinary human cell are of 23 different kinds

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the 46 chromosomes of an ordinary human cell are of 23 different kinds

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there are two of each kind. there are two sets of chromosomes in the cell. one set came from the father and one set from the mother

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in humans, the male gamete is the sperm, that are made when cells in a testis divide, in flowering plants the gametes inside pollen grains are made when cells in anthers divide

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in humans, the male gamete is the sperm, that are made when cells in a testis divide, in flowering plants the gametes inside pollen grains are made when cells in anthers divide

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meiosis occurs when gametes are being made because it produces new cells with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

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the body cells of an eucalyptus tree have 22 chromosomes, their male and female gametes each have 11 chromosomes

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the female gamete is the egg, in flowering plants is a nucleus inside the ovule

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often, an organism can only produce one kind of gamete (all mammals do this)

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often, an organism can only produce one kind of gamete (all mammals do this)

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its sex is either male or female, depending on what kind of gamete it makes.

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an organism which produces both male and female gametes is hermaphrodite

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an organism which produces both male and female gametes is hermaphrodite

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many flowering plants are hermaphrodites

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many flowering plants are hermaphrodites

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Monoecious plants have male flowers and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant or in the same flower. "Mono" means one - and the term "monoecious" is literally "one house"

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often flowering plants can reproduce asexually and also sexually, by means of flowers

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often flowering plants can reproduce asexually and also sexually, by means of flowers

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the function of flower is to make gametes, and to ensure the fertilization will take place

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the petals of some flowers have lines, called guide-lines, running from top to bottom

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the petals of some flowers have lines, called guide-lines, running from top to bottom

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they guide insects to the base of the petal, where there is a gland called nectary

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inside the petals are the stamen, the male parts of the flower

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inside the petals are the stamen, the male parts of the flower

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the anthers contains pollen grains, which contains the male gametes

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pollen is often yellow.under the microscope, you can see that pollen grains from different kinds of flower have different shapes

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pollen is often yellow.under the microscope, you can see that pollen grains from different kinds of flower have different shapes

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each grains surrounded by a hard coat, so it can survive in difficult conditions if necessary

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the anther has four pollen sacs inside it.

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the anther has four pollen sacs inside it.

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some of the cells around the edge of the pollen sacs divide by meiosis to make pollen grains

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the female part of the flower is in the centre, it consists of one or more carpels

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the female part of the flower is in the centre, it consists of one or more carpels

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a carpel contains an ovary, inside the ovary are many ovules, which contain the female gametes

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in A there is the stigma, which catch pollen grains

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in A there is the stigma, which catch pollen grains

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ovules are in B, and C is the ovary

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fertilisation happens when a pollen grain nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus

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fertilisation happens when a pollen grain nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus

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fertilisation takes place when the male gamete reaches the female gamete

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fertilisation takes place when the male gamete reaches the female gamete

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the bees go on flowers in order to find nectar

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the bees go on flowers in order to find nectar

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if pollen is taken to a flower on a different plant of the same species, this is called cross-pollination

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if pollen lands on the stigma of a different species of plant, the pollen grain usually dies

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if pollen lands on the stigma of a different species of plant, the pollen grain usually dies

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wind pollination occurs in some plants, such as grass

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wind pollination occurs in some plants, such as grass

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a comparison between insect-pollinated and wind pollinated flowers

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a comparison between insect-pollinated and wind pollinated flowers

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once the ovule have been fertilized, many of the parts of the flower are not needed anymore. the sepals, petals and stamen have all done their job. they wither and fall off

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inside the ovary the ovules start to grow

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inside the ovary the ovules start to grow

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the embryo consists of a radicle, which will grow into a root, and a plumule, which will grow into a shoot

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the embryo consists of a radicle, which will grow into a root, and a plumule, which will grow into a shoot

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the seeds also contain food for the embryo, stored in two creamy coloured cotyledons which contain starch and proteins but also enzymes

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cotyledons are surrounded by a tough covering called testa

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cotyledons are surrounded by a tough covering called testa

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it stops the embryo from being damaged and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering the seed

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the tiny hole in the testa is the micropyle

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the tiny hole in the testa is the micropyle

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near the micropyle there is the hilum, a scar where the seed was joined to the ovary (in the case of a bean the pod)

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once there is sufficient water, the enzymes in the cotyledons become active: amylase begins to break down starch to maltose,proteases break down the protein molecules into amminoacids

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maltose and aminoacids are soluble in water, so, they diffuse to the embryo plant, which uses these foods for growth

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maltose and aminoacids are soluble in water, so, they diffuse to the embryo plant, which uses these foods for growth

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Germination - Reproduction in plants - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - BBC Bitesize

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Revise how sexual reproduction produces offspring that are not identical to their parents, whereas asexual reproduction produces identical offspring