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New behaviours or changes in behaviours are acquired through associations between stimuli and responses

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The process of learning through adaption of skills learned through previous experience

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The process of learning through adaption of skills learned through previous experience

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Cognitivism is a learning theory that focusses on how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind.

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An example of behaviourism is the work by Pavlov with the salivating dog. Pavlov showed that a stimulus (in this case the bell every time he fed the dog) caused the dog to eventually start salivating when he heard the bell ring

The dog associated the bell ring with being provided with food so it learnt that the noise was a precursor to being fed

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Learning is unique to each individual as they all have different previous experiences or knowledge

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Learning is unique to each individual as they all have different previous experiences or knowledge

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Learners are seeking positive reinforcement.

Body language and tone of voice are indicators of positive actions. For example if a coach’s tone of voice is more frustrated or negative this could be more stressful for the rider as they may not want to disappoint / they want to get it right

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Sociocultural theory of learning.
Based around the theory that children learn through more knowledgable members of society. The social interactions throughout life mould and create a childs knowledge and community plays the main role in cognitive development

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Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist. He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive development that looked at how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood.

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Birth to 18-24 months - Object permanence
2 to 7 years old - Symbolic thought
Ages 7 to 11 years - Logical thought
Adolescence to adulthood - Scientific reasoning

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The theory identifies four stages:

(1) The sensorimotor stage: The first stage of development lasts from birth to approximately age two. At this point in development, children know the world primarily through their senses and motor movements.

(2) The preoperational stage: The second stage of development lasts from the ages of two to seven and is characterized by the development of language and the emergence of symbolic play.

(3) The concrete operational stage: The third stage of cognitive development lasts from the age of seven to approximately age 11. At this point, logical thought emerges, but children still struggle with abstract and theoretical thinking.

(4) The formal operation stage: In the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, lasting from age 12 and into adulthood, children become much more adept at abstract thought and deductive reasoning.

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Skinner believed that the mind was important so felt that behaviour could be observed so that reactions could be studied in its complexity. I’m the 1920s, classical conditioning was the emphasis of behaviourism theory, but Skinner felt like the answers provided were to simplistic; this led him to develop his theory of operant conditioning.

3 types of responses in Skinner’s theory
Skinner defined operant conditioning by the ability of a person to change their behaviour based on the use of a reinforcement. If the reinforcement is given after a desired response, then the mind can train itself to repeat a behaviour to anticipate a similar result in the future.
1. Neutral: these responses would not increase or decrease the probability that a behaviour would be repeated
2. Reinforcers: this type of response would increase the likelihood of a repetitive behaviour. A reinforcer can be positive or negative to encourage the repetitive response.
3. Punishers: this is the response that would decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. The goal of a punishment is to weaken the behaviour so it becomes less desirable in the future.

Parents use reinforcers and punishers to create a desired response. Employers use them to keep employees productive and following corporate procedures

Skinner showed that it wasn’t just humans who were susceptible to operant conditioning. Virtually any creature with a mind could be taught specific behaviours through the conditioning process. He proved his theory with his work on what would be to be called the “Skinner Box”.

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A person has a certain set of abilities, but some abilities can be unlocked by others giving support and suggestion and guidance.