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Manila Bay has been a center for different activities ranging from fishing, shipping, and aquaculture among others. However, due to pollution, over-population, and uncontrolled developments, habitats of different sea life, and resources have decreased.

This also became the discharge of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes. According to PEMSEA, it is also said that about 21% of organic pollution from Pasig River drains into the Manila Bay, and 70% of what comes from the waste of the Pasig River is from household waste.

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To continue on from the previous sustainable development goal, proper consumption and production principles are important to make the city livable for people.

The improper disposal of garbage, not only from factories and businesses but waste we make ourselves in our homes adds to the rising land and water pollution in the country. Walking down the streets of Manila and passing by the Pasig River, there is always one thing that is common and is always looked over by people, these are the wrappers, bottles, and other trash on the ground or water. It became a common sight for people and has become normalized.

As this affects the environment, we see that many animals, especially aquatic life, have lost their habitats due to human activities. From illegal fishing and technique, to waste products being dumped, this affects the country and the world around us like the trash we throw travels around through the current of the water.

Solving the issue of the garbage disposal could help the country immensely. From throwing trash in their proper bins so as not to clog the drainage system. Segregation of trash items in order to determine what kind of treatment should be used in order to dispose of the trash.  Even the smallest of actions in this problem can cause a great effect on the condition of the city and country.

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As human beings with rights and dignity, we must have our basic needs in order to live a proper life. Food, shelter, and clothing. Based on the Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, without these basic necessities, one cannot ascend to the next step to living a comfortable life where we can realize potential.

Poverty is not the only problem here, it is also concerns the environment. Without sustainable communities that are educated and are able to work and properly attain their needs, the environment would maintained and be more suitable for living compared to how they are currently. Without discipline and proper action, places such as slum areas can become breeding ground for different diseases and has the potential to pollute the environment such as the river in the picture.

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The Philippines has been said to be one of the biggest contributors to marine plastic pollution globally.

In a study by Emmerik et al. where they tested the river mouths around Manila to collect field data on the floating macroplastic flux and polymer category, they found that the Pasig river had the most plastic exported downstream and that the Meycauayan had the highest plastic flux. This movement of plastics and the tidal dynamics of the body of water contribute to the amount of macroplastic waste that moves towards the oceans.

The inefficient waste segregation and lack of disposal facilities also play a part in the contribution of pollution in the city. According to WOIMA Corporation, Metro Manila generates over 10, 000 tons of waste every day and is estimated to double by 2030. The lack of supervision and strict implementation of the RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of the Philippines encourages the segregation of the trash items so that they can be sent to facilities for reduction, recycling, and reusing of items. But, the lack of facilities and equipments for the reduction of waste and make it difficult to keep up with the amount of trash that is collected day-to-day.

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Manila is home to different factories and businesses that contribute to the production of products and consumption of resources. In tandem with this, the consumers or the people who buy these products also contribute help these businesses strive, and depending on the demand, increase production of factories.

But if we think about what happens after the consumption and production of these products, what happens to the excess materials, to the packaging, and the energy used to create these products?

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This shows that the rising poverty rate in the country and the overcrowding in Manila are some of the main factors that hinder the city from being sustainable. This truth is an evidence on the ranking of Manila to be 95 of 100 in the 2018 Sustainable Cities Index.

One of the reasons for the increase of poverty in the city according to Habitat For Humanity is because people from all over the country come to the city with the belief that the economic status of the city will help them find a better livelihood than those in the province.

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Has the government tried to remedy the situation?

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Has the government tried to remedy the situation?

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There have been cases where the government has intervened and given these people a better place to live in. One case is when an estimated 24% of informal settlers were relocated for the rehabilitation of Manila bay in 2019. The project is also planning to build more housing units to relocate more informal settlers of Manila Bay to relocation sites. Another case is when Isko Moreno, the current mayor of Manila, bought a private area of land in Pasigline, Sta. Ana for the program "Land for the Landless" where adequate assistance for landless, poor, and low-income informal settlers and homeless families by giving them "ample and livable" spaces.

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As seen in the pictures, we see slum areas and informal settlers in Manila, homes situated in areas with unsafe, unsanitary, and inadequate living conditions.

According to the organization Habitat for Humanity, there are 4 out of 10 families who do not have a home with suitable living conditions in the Philippines. Notably, the organization also mentions that most Filipino families, especially in Manila, live in slum areas.

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The city of Manila faces different problems, but among others, one of the biggest challenges that not only the city but the whole Philippines faces is the lack of sustainable homes for people.

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Gonzales, C. (2021, February 4). Manila City gov’t buys P111-M private lot for housing program. INQUIRER.Net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1391714/manila-city-govt-buys-p111-m-private-lot-for-housing-program

Department Of Trade And Industry. (n.d.). NCR- regional profile. Department of Trade and Industry. https://www.dti.gov.ph/regions/ncr/profile/

Emmerik, V. T., Klaveren, J. V., Meijer, L. J., Krooshof, J. W., Palmos, D. A., & Tanchuling, M. A. (2020, October 7). Manila River Mouths Act as Temporary Sinks for Macroplastic Pollution. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.545812/full

Galvez, D. (2019, November 4). More than 70K informal settlers relocated for Manila Bay rehab. INQUIRER.Net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1185462/more-than-70k-informal-settlers-relocated-for-manila-bay-rehab

Habitat For Humanity. (n.d.). Upgrading Slums in the Philippines: The Need for Social Housing. Habitat for Humanity GB. https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/10/upgrading-slums-philippines-need-social-housing/

Manila profile – PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Phil Atlas. https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/ncr/manila.html#sectionEconomy

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021, August 24). City of Manila total population stands at 1.85 million persons in 2020 | Philippine Statistics Authority National Capital Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. http://rssoncr.psa.gov.ph/article/city-manila-total-population-stands-185-million-persons-2020

PEMSEA. (n.d.). Manila Bay. PEMSEA. http://pemsea.org/our-work/pollution-and-waste-management/pollution-hotspots/manila-bay

Project LUPAD. (2018, October). PHOTOS: Metro Manila Aerial View as of October 2018. Project LUPAD. https://www.projectlupad.com/metro-manila-aerial-view-as-of-october-2018/

Rivas, R. (2018, November 1). Manila among least sustainable cities globally – report. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/ranking-manila-arcadis-sustainable-cities-index-2018

Salita, D. C. (2021, February 12). Manila. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Manila

Teoalida, T. (n.d.). Housing in Philippines. The World of Teoalida. https://www.teoalida.com/world/philippines/

Vehicles are the top contributor to air pollution in the Philippines – DENR. (2016, June 14). UNTV News. https://www.untvweb.com/news/vehicles-top-contributor-air-pollution-philippines-denr/

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To get around Manila and other cities, common modes of land transportation are the use of busses, jeepneys, tricycles, taxis, trains (PNR, MRT, LRT), and private vehicles. Although some prevalent problems in philippine transportation are traffic and pollution. These problems are due to the number of vehicles on the road every day, as well as the smoke-belching of some vehicles according to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

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Manila is known for many of its products like textiles, wood products, publishing and printing, tobacco and food processing, and chemical processing.
Small factories are commonly found in the areas of Tondo, Binondo, and Santa Cruz. While bigger industry factories are locates in Paco, Pandacan, and Sta. Ana.
The manufacturing of goods here also contribute to the air pollution, and trash accumulation in the surrounding bodies of water due to the improper disposal of trash

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Some of the industries that contribute to the economy in Manila

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Some of the industries that contribute to the economy in Manila

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For the fiscal year of 2016, the annual revenue of the city of Manila was 10, 154,964, 750. 07.

36, 911 businesses have been established in the Manila, wherein
- 32, 358 are micro sized establishments,
- 4, 225 are small sized establishments, and
- 164 medium-sized establishments.

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Fun Fact 2:

Among all the barangays in the City of Manila, barangay 649 in  Port Area has the highest population with a total of 64, 750 persons residing there as of 2020. The next highest in population is barangay 20 with 45, 772 persons and barangay 105 with 24, 971 person.

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Fun facts 1:

Tondo has the highest population of people with more than one-third residing in it. Specifically, there are 654, 220 people or 34% of Manila's population. Second to Tondo is Sampaloc (388,305 persons) and Sta. Ana (203, 598 persons) as of the 2020 population census.

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The City of Manila has a total population of 1.85 million people as of May 1, 2020, an increase from the original 1.65 million people back in 2010

Population density has also increased by 3.73%, with 73, 920 persons per kilometers in 2020 and a total land area of 24.98 square kilometers.

Based on the household population of Manila in 2015, 1, 763, 348 people were broken down to 435, 237 house holds.

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Due to the location of the Manila, the extreme weather conditions are avoided because the city is protected by the hills of Sierra Madre and Bataan Peninsula. Due to the Philippines' tropical climate, June to November are known to be the wet season, while from December to May is the rainy season in Manila. Thunderstorm and rainfall is especially common during the months of June, August, and September and the average annual rainfall totals to about 80in. Temperature is also around 27°C.

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SUSTAINABILITY GOALS: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

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SUSTAINABILITY GOALS: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

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SUSTAINABILITY GOALS: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

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SUSTAINABILITY GOALS: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

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Background by Project LUPAD
https://www.projectlupad.com/metro-manila-aerial-view-as-of-october-2018/

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PHOTOS: Metro Manila Aerial View as of October 2018

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Get a spectacular bird’s-eye view of Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. It is one of the most densely populated cities proper in the world.

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PHOTOS: Metro Manila Aerial View as of October 2018

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1953 Topography of Manila, Philippines

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The city of Manila is the national capital of the Philippines and the regional center of the National Capital Region (NCR). Manila is located at the southwestern portion of Luzon along the eastern shore of Manila Bay and the mouth of Pasig River. Southeast of the City is the bay of which the Pasig River flows, the Laguna De Bay. Pampanga River is located north of the city and northeast and east of the city are the lowlands that give rise to the southern range of the Sierra Madre.

The name "Manila" is based on the old name of the city, Maynilad, a shrub that grew around marshy areas and around river banks. From this, The name was shortened to Maynila to Manila.

Manila is bisected by the Pasig River and is divided into 6 administrative divisions that comprise 14 districts. Intramuros, a historical monument dated back during the Spanish colonization is where most districts developed from. Two thrids of the districts are located north of the Pasig river, while one third is at the south.