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WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?
- Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's temperatures.
- It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming.
- Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.
- Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot day and heat waves; 2020 was one of the hottest years on record. Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and can make it more difficult to work and move aroun. Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter.

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WHAT IS TSUNAMI?
- The phenomenon we call tsunami is a series of large waves of extremely long wavelength and period usually generated by a violent, impulsive undersea disturbance or activity near the coast or in the ocean.
- Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes on coverging tectonic plate boundaries. However, tsunamis can also be caused by landslides, volcanic activity, certain types of weather, and - - possibly -- near - earth objects ( e. g., asteroids, comets ) colliding with or exploding above the ocean.
- Impact ( PEOPLE AND ANIMALS )
1.Water currents - Moving waves wash out residential settlements, human beings and cattle.
2.Contamination - Contaminated water injuries and causes health hazards.
3.Debris / sediments of soil - human fatalities and severe injuries.
4.Gas and fire - Leakage of gas, explosions due to leakage.

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WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
-Earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth which lasts for a very short time.
-Earthquakes are usually caused when underground rock suddenly breaks and there is rapid motion along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.
-Earthquakes can cause immense damage to buildings, dams. They may also cause floods, land slides, tsunamis and loss of life.
-the Great Chilean earthquake or the Valdivia earthquake on 22 May 1960 was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. Various studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the afternoon, and lasted for approximately 10 minutes. 1655 died during the earthquake.

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WHAT IS VOLCAMISMS?
-Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent.
-Volcanism are formed by eruptions of lava and ash when magma rises through cracks or weak-spots in the Earth's crust.
-There are several different causes for a volcano to erupt which all fundamentally come down to a  pressure change within the volcano which forces the magma to overflow the chamber it is held in. The most common type of eruption is caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
-The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. Mt. Tambora is the deadliest eruption in recent human history, claiming the lives of up to 120,000 people. On 10 April 1815, Tambora erupted sending volcanic ash 40km into the sky. It was the most powerful eruption in 500 years. Upon entering the ocean, the force of the pyroclastic flow caused the creation of a series of towering tsunamis.

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-LANDSLIDE?

-Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.

-Landslides are caused by disturbances in the natural stability of a slope. They can accompany heavy rains or follow droughts, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.

-The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. Landslide material can also block rivers and increase the risk of floods.

-To be able to predict landslides, scientists have developed slope stability models to analyze the risk locally. More recently, NASA has created a preliminary algorithm to map landslide hazards globally using satellite measurements of rainfall, land cover and other surface variables.

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-ACID RAIN?

-Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.

-Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.

-The effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. It can also affect humans such as health problems.

-Since the year 2000, levels of nitric and sulfuric acid in precipitation have been steadily increasing in Asian cities such as Beijing and New Delhi as domestic demand for electricity and manufactured goods increases. Without pollution regulations on the rapid industrial growth in the developing nations of China and India, acid rain could continue to grow in potency and reach until a similar crisis level as seen in Europe and the United States in the 1980s, according to a report by Science News.

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QUICKSAND

Quicksand is a colloid consisting of fine granular material such as sand, silt or clay and water. It is a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight.
.It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil.
.Quicksand can form in standing water or in upward flowing water (as from an artesian spring). In the case of upward flowing water, forces oppose the force of gravity and suspend the soil particles.

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What is Global Warning?

-Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil and gas), which produces heat-trapping gases.

-Causes

-Variations in the Sun's Intensity.
-Industrial Activity.
-Agricultural Activity.
-Deforestation.
-Earth's Own Feedback Loop.

-Impacts

-Temperatures Will Continue to Rise.
-Droughts and Heat Waves.
-Sea Level Will Rise.

-Early Warning Signs

-Heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather.
-Ocean warming, sea-level rise and coastal flooding.
-Glaciers melting.
-Arctic and Antarctic warming.

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" Earthquake. . . "

• is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity.

• An earthquake is caused by sudden tectonic movements in the Earth's crust. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earth's crust and cause the shaking that we feel.

• Impact of earthquake such as structural damage to buildings from shaking and the secondary impacts, such as triggering landslides, fires, and tsunami. The types and extent of impacts will depend on local conditions where the earthquake strikes.

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What is Earthquake?

•An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.

-Causes

•Heavy rain.
•Pore fluid flow.
•High CO2 pressure.
•Building dams.

-Impacts

•Ground Shaking & Structural Failure.
•Surface Rupture & Ground Displacement.
•Tsunamis.
•Fires.

-Early Warning Signs

•Laser beams can be used to detect plate movement.
•A seismometer is used to pick up the vibrations in the Earth's crust. An increase in vibrations may indicate a possible earthquake.

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SINKHOLE

A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. A cenote is a type of sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath.

.Most sinkholes are caused by karst processes (the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks, collapse or suffosion processes). Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of meters (or yards) both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms.

. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.

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" Landslide. . . "

• is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.

• Landslide caused by disturbances in the natural stability of a slope. They can accompany heavy rains or follow droughts, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. Mudslides develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and results in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth, and debris.

• The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction and infrastructure damage to land and loss of natural resources. Landslide material can also block rivers and increase the risk of floods.

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WHAT IN THE WORLD IS ACID RAIN?!?

well..
-Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.

-Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.

-The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it flows through the soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and then flow into streams and lakes.

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WHAT IN THE WORLD IS QUICKSAND?!?

well..
-Quicksand is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight.

-Quicksand is created when water saturates an area of loose sand and the ordinary sand is agitated. When the water trapped in the batch of sand can't escape, it creates liquefied soil that can no longer support weight.

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Earthquake

Earthquake is the sudden movement or trembling of the Earth's tectonic plates, that creates the shakes of the ground

Causes
• Volcanic eruption
• Minor causes
• When undergrounds rock suddenly breaks and there is rapid motion along a fault

Impact
• Destroy buildings , factories , ships , roads , bridges and school

Invention to predict early warnings
• https://images.app.goo.gl/5Lx47f4jCgYGMoac6

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WHAT'S QUICKSAND? YOU MIGHT ASKED - Ahmad Danish 

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WHAT'S QUICKSAND? YOU MIGHT ASKED - Ahmad Danish 

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WELL ITS
a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight. Quicksand can form in standing water or in upward flowing water (as from an artesian spring). In the case of upward flowing water, forces oppose the force of gravity and suspend the soil particles.

WHAT MAKES IT
Quicksand usually consists of sand or clay and salt that's become waterlogged, often in river deltas. The ground looks solid, but when you step on it the sand begins to liquefy. ... The friction between the sand particles is much-reduced, meaning it can't support your weight anymore and at first you do sink.

TLDR: syukri used my phone for the information so that's why ours is somewhat similar

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Sinkhole

Sinkhole is a hole in the ground that forms when water dissolves surface rock.

Causes
• Acidic rainwater seeps down through the surface soil and sediment.

Impact
• Partial and complete collapse of over grounds structures in damages to infrastructure.

Invention to predict early warnings
• https://images.app.goo.gl/at2iJMQksPXBnSrk8

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What is it?
The phenomenon we call tsunami is a series of large waves of extremely long wavelength and period usually generated by a violent, impulsive undersea disturbance or activity near the coast or in the ocean. ... Thus, the Japanese word "tsunami", meaning "harbor wave" is the correct, official and all-inclusive term.

What causes tsunamis?
Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes on converging tectonic plate boundaries. ... However, tsunamis can also be caused by landslides, volcanic activity, certain types of weather, and—possibly—near-earth objects (e.g., asteroids, comets) colliding with or exploding above the ocean.

What are the effects?
Most tsunami damage and destruction is caused by flooding, wave impacts, erosion, strong currents, and floating debris (e.g., trees, structures, vehicles, and other things that can act like battering rams). The water can be just as dangerous, if not more so, as it returns to the sea, taking debris and people with it.

TLDR: just putting this here cause why not

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Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. The term is frequently used interchangeably with the term climate change, though the latter refers to both human- and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet. It is most commonly measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature.

Since the pre-industrial period, human activities are estimated to have increased Earth’s global average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit), a number that is currently increasing by 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per decade. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land.

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•volcanism, also spelled vulcanism, any of various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam, including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles. Although volcanism is best known on Earth, there is evidence that it has been important in the development of the other terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, and Mars—as well as some natural satellites such as Earth’s Moon and Jupiter’s moon Io.

•Volcanoes are formed by eruptions of lava and ash when magma rises through cracks or weak-spots in the Earth's crust. A build up of pressure in the earth is released, by things such as a plate movement which forces molten rock to exploded into the air causing a volcanic eruption.

•Volcanoes spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that are powerfully destructive. People have died from volcanic blasts. Volcanic eruptions can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, mudslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires.

•The seismometer is an established tool for predicting volcanic eruptions, and volcanologists sometimes set up dozens of them in areas of frequent volcanic activity such as Hawaii. If there is an eruption, scientists can use the seismometer data to calculate its center.

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•Sinkholes are pits in the ground that form in areas where water gathers without external drainage, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. As water drains below ground, it can dissolve subterranean caverns, particularly in areas where the bedrock is made of water-soluble evaporate rocks such as salt or gypsum or of carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite.

•Sinkholes are caused by erosion. They may appear suddenly and have devastating consequences.

•They have very localized structural impacts but they may have far reaching effects on groundwater resources. Sinkholes can also have an impact on hydrologic systems, lakes, streams, and wet lands by changing water chemistry and rates of recharge or run-off

•It's based on a statistical method called 'weights of evidence'. Basically, that means combining evidence for known sinkhole occurrences with geological data – depth of limestone, for example, or make-up of overlying sediment – to calculate a prediction about the relative vulnerability in a particular location.

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Tsunamis are not limited to bodies of water on Earth. A 2016 analysis of the Martian surface revealed evidence of two separate tsunami events that occurred long ago, likely as a result of comet or asteroid impacts.

Perhaps the most destructive tsunami in recorded history was the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004. A 9.1-magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Waves as high as 30 feet (9 metres) struck the eastern coasts of India and Sri Lanka—some 750 miles (1,200 km) away—and traveled more than 1,800 miles (3,000 km) to East Africa. The final death toll was at least 225,000, mostly in Indonesia, Thailand, India, and Sri Lanka. The affected countries also reported extensive economic and infrastructural damage.

Because of frequent tsunamis in the Pacific Basin, many adjacent countries have established tsunami warning systems that look for large earthquakes (magnitude 7.0 or higher) and unusual changes in sea level. Depending on the distance from the seismic disturbance, this warning system may give people several hours to evacuate coastal areas.

During a tsunami, experts recommend that people attempt to find higher ground that is as far inland as possible in order to avoid the deadly waves.

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What is Volcanisms?
Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of a planet. A volcano is the vent through which magma and gases are discharged.Occurs when molten magma is emitted from inside the Earth due to high pressure.

How are Volcanisms formed?

1. Divergent boundaries (crust moves apart, magma fills in)

2. Convergent boundaries (magma fills when one plate goes beneath another)

3. Hot spots (a large magma plume rises from mantle)

Effect of Volcanism:

1. They can kill people and damage property.

2. Economic activity can suffer as it is hard for businesses to operate after an eruption.

3. Habitats and landscapes are damaged by lava flow.

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What is Acid rain?
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions. Most water, including the water we drink, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5-8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4-5 on average.

Acid rain biggest couses :

Sulfur dioxide (SO ₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) released into the air by fossil-fuel power plants, vehicles and oil refineries.

What are the acid rain effects?

It causes respiratory issues in animals and humans.

When acid rain falls down and flows into the rivers and ponds it affects the aquatic ecosystem. It alters the chemical composition of the water, to a form which is actually harmful to the aquatic ecosystem to survive and causes water pollution.

Acid rain also causes the corrosion of water pipes, which further results in leaching of heavy metals such as iron, lead and copper into drinking water.

It damages the buildings and monuments made up of stones and metals.