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The majority opinion was that the bill of rights was intended to stop power abuse within the central government, not the legislation of States. The Unanimous decision was that the 5th amendment didn’t apply to states. The court saw this as a true statement due to Marshall’s argument that the drafters of the bill of rights were referring to the federal and not state government. This caused many cases to not be brought up higher throughout the chain and caused people to rely on state legislatures for protection.

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The decision to give Congress more power than states over commerce transportation allowed the national government to expand and grow the economy later on. Marshall’s decision allowed for the building of roads, canals, railroad lines, and more which promoted expansion into western territory.

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The case asked the court whether the local state governments were accountable to the fifth amendment and by extension, the constitution as a whole

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It once again established the power of the Supreme Court to review congress, in this case, the state’s legislature. It also asserted that the Supreme Court had judicial authority over state courts. On a less significant note, this case also impacts lottery rules nationwide.

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The court held the Supreme Court to jurisdiction to review state criminal proceedings under the federal law of the United States of America. After establishing the court’s jurisdiction, Marshall decided that Virginia was not at fault to fine the Cohens brothers for violating the law of Virginia.

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This case was centered around the 5th Amendment of the Constitution. In 1833, to improve the city of Baltimore, several small streams had to be diverted which was done by having large quantities of dirt and sand swept downstream. John Barron, a wharf owner, was suing the city for taking his property without any compensation, wharf owners depended on deep water for vessels and the dirt and sand made it shallower. This in turn damaged his business.

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The Constitutional question raised by the court was “According to the Constitution, did the Supreme Court have the power to overrule Virginia Supreme Court?” This is important as the answer to the question would establish whether or not the degree of which the federal government had more power over a state government.

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The result of this case attempted to determine the boundaries of the expanding United States and the reach of its legal and social power. Despite this ruling from the Court, both President Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia would ignore or barely acknowledge the ruling. These actions would set precedent for future American expansion by kicking out Native Americans in exchange for greater land, wealth, and people.

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Two brothers, Philip and Mendes Cohens, started selling lottery tickets for the District of Columbia. They ended up selling tickets at their office in Norfolk, Virginia. However, in 1821, lottery tickets were only legally sold in certain states, Virginia not being one of them. This led them to being prosecuted.

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Through the “Necessary and Proper” Clause, it was confirmed that Congress had implied powers––powers which were not explicitly stated in the Constitution. Also confirmed, states were inferior to the federal government.

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Can Congress create a national bank? If it can, does any state even have the constitutional right to tax an agency of the U.S. government?

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Two things were ruled. Congress could create a national bank because this action was within Congress’s implied powers. States, specifically Maryland in this case, could not tax the bank since this would give the states sovereignty over the national government.

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Alexander Hamilton established the first national bank and it was called into question whether it was constitutional or not, but it was later deemed such. In 1816, the second national bank was established and it was very widely rejected. The second national bank was subjected to a tax levied by Maryland. The tax was a “stamp act” on paper banks used in printing bank notes. James Mculloch refused to pay the tax and he lost in the Court of Appeals. He took the case all the way to the Supreme Court, in hopes of the decision getting overturned.

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The court decided to expand the definition of commerce to include transportation. This gave Congress authority over states to decide who is allowed to trade and who is allowed to transport goods. The Supreme Court justified this decision by saying that it would be illogical to regulate commerce between nations without including navigation, so this should apply to states as well.

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The ruling was 5-1 stating that states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American Land. It would be unconstitutional because Native Americans were seen as a completely different nation and not seen as part of the United States. President Jackson did not enforce the ruling.

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The question or debate was whether or not the states had the right to impose laws on Native American land

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During Andrew Jackson's presidency in 1830, the Indian Removal Act that would force natives off their lands was passed in congress. In Georgia, the Cherokee was one of the biggest native nations in the country. They had agreed on treaties with the US that would recognize them as a sovereign state. These treaties were later revoked and Georgia would pass laws that would put these territories under state law. In 1832 Samuel Worcester a missionary would enter the Cherokee territories and live among the Cherokee. The Georgia state law prohibited any white person from entering the lands without taking an oath of allegiance. Worcester was charged for his crimes under Georgia law. Worcester then asked the Supreme Court for a writ of error, or a retrial to review the case for errors, and apply national law to the case.

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Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton were given the opportunity to secure a monopoly on steamboat navigation to which they delivered on. As a result, they received this monopoly and other people could buy licenses to operate under them. Aargon Ogden purchased a license to operate between New York and New Jersey but Thomas Gibbons did not. In turn, Ogden sued Gibbons for doing so and won in the New York Court of Chancery, but Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court.

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Dartmouth college's charter from England gave 12 trustees control over it. However, New Hampshire wanted to make the college a public one. Students and professors rebelled and sued against the state. New Hampshire ruled against them so they went to the supreme court.

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Can the governor kick out the president of Dartmouth college, re-elect more trustees, and make it a public school?

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It helped the national economy as a whole while also boosting and supporting private corporations. It represented a somewhat protection for the government and resulted in the production of more private organizations in the long run. In all, it established how companies should work in the public and private domains.

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In the constitution, it states though how in Article 1 Section 10 in the contract clause how “No state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts” They ruled that the legislature acted unlawfully. They ordered that the documents return to the trustees and that they be given $20,000 in damages for fees and court costs.

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In 1795, the Georgia state legislature passed a land grant giving territory to four companies. The following year, the legislature voided the law and declared all rights and claims under it to be invalid. In 1800, John Peck acquired land that was part of the original legislative grant. He then sold the land to Robert Fletcher three years later, claiming that past sales of the land had been legitimate. Fletcher argued that since the original sale of the land had been declared invalid, Peck had no legal right to sell the land and thus committed a breach of contract. This issue then got taken to supreme court.

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The question raised before the court was could the contract between Fletcher and Peck be invalidated by an act of the Georgia legislature?

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he court decided the rules of the constitution that once land has been sold it can not be repealed outway the Georgia law. This vote was a 4-1 decision. The Court held that since the estate had been legally "passed into the hands of a purchaser for a valuable consideration," the Georgia legislature could not take away the land or invalidate the contract.

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This was the first case where the supreme court undermined state legislation and went by the constitution. This showed the strict interpretation of the constitution that judges held in court. The federal government ruled this state law unconstitutional. The Court held that a contract is still binding and enforceable, even if secured illegally.

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Gibbons believed that his right to sail, obtained from the national government, was taken away by the courts of New York. This led to the Court’s first question: Do the laws passed by the New York legislature violate the Constitution of the United States by their attempt to regulate interstate commerce?

The southern states were concerned about this case because it meant the Court could potentially destroy all state powers concerning commerce, which directly involved slavery. This decision would possibly lead the South to withdraw from the Union.

Then, a legal question arose: Was commerce to be defined simply as the exchange of goods and services or did commerce also include the transportation of those goods and services to be exchanged? This information would determine who had power under the Constitution.

Ultimately, the Supreme Court had to decide whether the power of Congress to regulate commerce extended into the territory of the states.