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What is Humanitarian?
What is community sentencing?
What is Curfew?

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What is community sentencing?

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Strength and Weakness of community sentencing as a way to reduce re offending

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1. a person who seeks to promote human welfare.
2. A community sentence combines punishment with activities carried out in the community.

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1. Humanity is habitat or behaviours most people have as regularly. It like social influences.
2. Community sentencing is freedom for people to be happy.
3. Curfew is something that making sure about thing that come and goes (like from one city to another).
Task 1
Ans: Coumunity sentencing are types of punishment that criminals get for changes, government give these kind of punishment to the least criminals. For example, fines, probation, incarceration and each.

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A person who seeks to promote Human welfare

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1.a person who seeks to promote human welfare; a philanthropist.
2.Community sentence or alternative sentencing or non-custodial sentence is a collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offence, other than through a custodial sentence or capital punishment

3.a regulation requiring people to remain indoors between specified hours, typically at night.

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1. Humanitarian- a concern with welfare of humans
2. Community sentencing- when an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison
3. Curfew- having to be at home at certain times , example : between 7 a.m and 7 p.m

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1.Humanitarian is a person who is concerned and seeks to promote human welfare
2.Community sentencing is a way in which courts punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offense without going to jail.
3.Curfew is a rule requiring people to remain indoors between specified hours

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1.Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people who need the help.
2.Community sentence or alternative sentencing or non-custodial sentence is a collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offence, other than through a custodial sentence or capital punishment
3.A curfew is an order specifying a time during which certain regulations apply

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Curfew : a regulation requiring people to remain indoors between specified hours, typically at night.

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Community sentence or alternative sentencing or non-custodial sentence is a collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offence, other than through a custodial sentence (serving a jail or prison term) or capital punishment

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1)Humanitarian is a person concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.
2)community sentencing is a  name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an of fence.
3)curfew-a time to come home

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A community sentencing is when you are convicted of a crime and have to do community service rather than go to prison.

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community sentence is when a judge offers community sentence instead of prison for example fine to a person who commit a crime

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Strength: It keeps the public safe while the offender is locked away
Weakness: as a punishment for crime, prison raises issues because civil liberties are removed from prisoners. Some people believe that it is immoral to lock someone up for many hours a day and remove their basic rights. Humanitarian views argue that rehabilitation is better than imprisonment.

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Community sentencing is a way in which courts punish a criminal  who has been convicted of committing an offense without going to jail and the criminal does community services.

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community sentencing is when a criminal does community service instead of jail time and it can be a more effective way to prevent criminals from reoffending

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A form of punishment  intended to benefit the community   that's been harmed by an offender's crime. Judges often order offenders to perform community  service in addition to or instead of other forms of punishment .

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Strengths:
1)Offenders are given second chances to make up for their crime.
2)They are given more suitable punishments. This may results in the offender being less likely to re-offend.
Weaknesses:
1)Some say community sentencing is a soft option.
2)People might not complete their community sentence by breaking their curfew or failing to show up.

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Strength and weakness of community sentence by Mohammed muzaffar

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Strength and weakness of community sentence by Mohammed muzaffar

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Strength: strength is that prisoner get second chance
Weakness: weakness is that prisoner get hasher punishment

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1. Having concern for or helping to improve the welfare and happiness of people.
2. A sentence whereby an offender is required to perform community service.
3. a requirement that someone (typically a child) be home by a particular time

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A community sentence combines punishment with activities carried out in the community. It can include one or more of 13 requirements on an offender. This could be carrying out up to 300 hours of unpaid work, which might include things like removing graffiti or clearing overgrown areas.
It could also mean the offender is required to have alcohol or drug treatment – this aims to tackle the reasons why they have committed crimes. Offenders might also be required to keep to a curfew, which aims to keep them out of trouble.

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STRENGTHS:
1. The issues fuelling such reform include high re-offending rates and overflowing prisons. In light of these problems, community sentences are designed to aid the rehabilitation of criminals, whilst saving valuable prison space for those guilty of more serious crimes.
2.Community sentences are more effective in reducing reoffending than short-term prison sentences and may provide greater opportunity for rehabilitation. A number of studies have compared the effects of short-term imprisonment with those of community disposals
WEAKNESS:
1. Due to community services some offenders escape the sight of guards and some of them end up going on the run if not caught by police officers.

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Very good. Always on time

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Excellent! you have written it in your own words. Well understood

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Excellent work! good knowledge on the topic

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I'm very impressed at your work.Please complete task 2.

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Brilliant! Linta I'm proud of you

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Restorative Justice

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Strength and weakness of restorative justice as a way to reduce re offending

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Charlton et al.(2000) children's playground behaviour.

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Charlton et al.(2000) children's playground behaviour.

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Restorative Justice is a form of justice that emphasizes on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior.

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Strengths:
-considers the needs of the victim and how to help them.
Weakness:
-not available to all offenders, only those who have admitted their crime but victims may reject the offer. therefore cannot be a global solution.

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1) A person who is concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.
2) Community sentence is a collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offence, other than through a custodial sentence or capital punishment.
3) A regulation requiring people to remain indoors between specified hours, typically at night. Can be set by a government or just within a household or dorm.

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Shifa 11b

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classroom strategies for anxiety related symtoms

Whenever i have to present during class i find it hard to breathe, my palms get sweaty, i feel my throat closing up and it's the worst feeling ever. I become concsious about speaking wondering if people can hear my heavy breathing. So, the stratgeies i would use to overcome this or ease the tension would be to talk to someone i can openly talk to and get their opion and advice. I always meditate before presenting, it doesn;t really help but i feel a little calmer. I also avoid my phone as i find that my mind is full of thoughts when on the phone and i start to procrasinate.

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Whenever i have to present during class i find it hard to breathe, and my palms get really sweaty, so the strategies to control this would be that I could talk to someone about this and get their opinion, and meditate before presenting so that i am calm and relaxed.

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Whenever I get less time for writting exam paper then I always get stressed out and how do I overcome this because of my psychology teacher being very supportive in this  case.

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I’ve been working on myself lately and it’s gone on preety good.I feel like confidence is key,I get ruined sometimes during football when I lack the confidence and mess up while panicking.Meditating before games has been of good use whereby I feel better.Only when exams came up,I had to stop and invest the time in studies.Exams are stressing and whenever I get the paper,it takes me awhile to start then when I get to start i realise time left is less.I try to look for that feeling that can help me start just on time buh no way.I don’t contribute anything to the class coz I feel like online sessions are really hard to take on concentration buh all i do is try my best.I try to fix time to complete my notes and go through!

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Whenever I get less time for writting exam paper then I always get stressed out and how do I overcome this because of my psychology teacher being very supportive in this  case.

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classroom strategies for anxiety related symtoms

Whenever i have to present during class i find it hard to breathe, my palms get sweaty, i feel my throat closing up and it's the worst feeling ever. I become concsious about speaking wondering if people can hear my heavy breathing. So, the stratgeies i would use to overcome this or ease the tension would be to talk to someone i can openly talk to and get their opion and advice. I always meditate before presenting, it doesn;t really help but i feel a little calmer. I also avoid my phone as i find that my mind is full of thoughts when on the phone and i start to procrasinate.

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Whenever the teacher calls my name out I usually get anxious and fear that I get the answer wrong, what mainly helps me during that situation is just simply writing the answer in the chatbox rather than answering it directly

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Personally speaking, I hardy ever  get stressed over school work but i do get tired of it as it can get overwhelming. I also do get anxious when asked to do any sort of presentation in front of an audience that i'm not well acquainted to. "eyes do make a person feel nervous because you never know what they're thinking of you". Yes, i used to shake when asked to do any presentation but i've taken time to build myself mentally when it comes to speaking. I have volunteered in a lot of public speaking activities and that has helped in building up confidence. One strategy is, practice talking out loud to a group of people and gradually you'll see yourself improving.

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I get anxiety very often,  even when I have to leave the house to get small groceries, I sometimes forget to breathe and I cant think straight. When it comes to school work that’s another level of stress, whenever there is a test or exam I freak out because whenever I see the question paper I starts to freak out even though I studied everything because of my anxiety I forget every answers and sometimes I just leave all the question just to get raid of the stress, that’s the reason I got 17 out of 100 on my second accounting paper, I wasn’t able to write anything because my hand was shaking so badly due to anxiety. 

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a Describe how restorative justice aims to prevent recidivism.

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a Describe how restorative justice aims to prevent recidivism.

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b Give two findings from Bandura, Ross and Ross’s (1961) study that are relevant to girls’ behavior.
c Krystian is 19 years old and has difficulty dealing with anger and aggression. He has been in several fights with friends and strangers. d Krystian claims he cannot remain calm when faced with a situation that makes him angry.
.d Kylee bought an illegal drug from a student at a nearby college. She took the drug at a party that night. The following weekend, Kylee had bought more of the illegal drug to sell to other people. Her friends were worried and told her not to sell it, but   Kylee told them they were overreacting and it was a quick way to make some money. Kylee continued to sell the illegal drug. Explain one strength and one weakness of personality types (Eysenck, 1964) as an explanation for Kylee’s behaviour.

Strength

e Krystian’s sister says it is up to him to gain control of his own behavior but Krystian blames his father who is currently in prison for assaulting a man.

The police have recently arrested Krystian for a third time and he has been referred to an anger management programme for help.

f Assess whether an anger management programme could help Krystian change his criminal behavior

Maurice is 34 years old and has been stealing since he was 16 years old. He has stolen high value items such as a television, and low value items such as food. He says that stealing stops him feeling like he cannot give his family the things they deserve.

Maurice has only been caught stealing once, and was given a community sentence of two months. He says it is not worth stopping stealing because he gets lots of nice things that he enjoys. He also says that the consequence of being punished does not worry him.

Kesia began going to the local shopping center after work each day and bought new clothes each time. She then found herself thinking about buying clothes and shopping all the time at work, until she found it difficult to focus on anything else.

Kesia has now bought so many clothes that she does not experience much pleasure anymore when buying them. She has got into a huge amount of debt to the extent that she cannot afford to pay her rent anymore.

(a) Explain one way that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) could be used to help Kesia’s addiction.

Kesia began going to the local shopping center after work each day and bought new clothes each time. She then found herself thinking about buying clothes and shopping all the time at work, until she found it difficult to focus on anything else.

Kesia has now bought so many clothes that she does not experience much pleasure anymore when buying them. She has got into a huge amount of debt to the extent that she cannot afford to pay her rent anymore.

(a) Explain one way that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) could be used to help Kesia’s addiction.

Assess how well operant conditioning can explain Maurice’s stealing.

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a)restorative justice  aims to get offenders to take responsibility for their actions, to understand the harm they have caused, to give them an opportunity to redeem themselves and to discourage them from causing further harm, hence reducing recidivism
b)The girls in the study also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female. However, in this case the effects of gender were reversed.

c)Bandura, Ross and Ross’s (1961) study, found that boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls, hence why krystiean cannot control his anger and is more likely to imitate aggressive behavior.
d) Strength:
Hans Eysenck’s theory suggests that personality is biologically based using a personality questionnaire. Neuroticism refers to the stability of personality and a high neuroticism score would represent someone who is more reactive and volatile and perhaps more likely to engage in offending behaviour, so eysencks theory supports Kylee’s behavior towards illegal drugs and why she repeats her reoffending behavior.
weakness:
critics argue that traits do a poor job of predicting behavior in every situation. Some psychologists argue that the situational variables are more influential in determining behavior, so kylees behavior may have been caused by environmental factors as well.

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A) Restorative justice helps the offender understand the responsibility of his actions, using victim-offender mediation and gives them a chance to make reparations and helps those who have suffered harm to know amends have been made.

Thus meaning restorative justice can help the offender understand his actions and takes responsibility, which can stop them from falling back into the bad habits (Recidivism)

B) The girls were more physically aggressive towards male dolls
while they were more verbally aggressive towards the female dolls

Girls were less aggressive than boys regarding the physical aggressiveness

C)

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Restorative justice is about victims and offenders communicating within a controlled environment to talk about the harm that has been caused and finding a way to repair that harm.

For offenders, the experience can be incredibly challenging as it confronts them with the personal impact of their crime. For victims, meeting the person who has harmed them can be a huge step in moving forward and recovering from the crime.

Restorative justice conferences, where a victim meets their offender, are led by a facilitator who supports and prepares the people taking part and makes sure that the process is safe. Sometimes, when a face to face meeting is not the best way forward, the facilitator will arrange for the victim and offender to communicate via letters, recorded interviews or video.

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Community sentence is a collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offence, other than through a custodial sentence or capital punishment.
it involves participating in community service tasks instead of spending time in jail.

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a) Restorative justice is a tertiary crime prevention measure. In other words it aims to prevent re-offending, not prevent offending in the first place.  Therefore, if a restorative justice measure is effective, it should produce lower rates of re-offending (recidivism).
b) The girls in the aggressive model condition also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female. However, the exception to this general pattern was the observation of how often they punched Bobo, and in this case the effects of gender were reversed.
c) Hans Eysenck’s theory of criminal personality suggests that personality is biologically based and that personality traits include dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism that can be measured using a personality questionnaire. Extraversion refers to a biological need individuals have for high or low levels of environmental stimulation, determined by the level of arousal in a person’s central and autonomic nervous system. This means that people with high levels of extraversion have a low level of arousal, meaning they require more environmental stimulation to fuel their excitement. In the context of forensic psychology, this environmental stimulation may include criminal behaviour.

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Strengths:
Offenders are getting another chance to rectify their mistake
They may rethink their actions so may not reoffend

Weaknesses:
They may not take community sentencing seriously so it may not help or be too easy on them

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Strengths:
1)Offenders are given second chances to make up for their crime.
2)They are given more suitable punishments. This may results in the offender being less likely to re-offend.
Weaknesses:
1)Some say community sentencing is a soft option.
2)People might not complete their community sentence by breaking their curfew or failing to show up.

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Strengths:
1) First-time offenders are given a second chance which may change their outlook and behavior.
2) Community Services allow offenders to live in their own home which can be beneficial in cost for prisons as they do not require the use of facilities like a cell.
Weaknesses:
1) Offenders may escape due to not being trapped or under a watchful eye.
2) Public safety is a concern as criminals may live near other citizens.

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Identify the personality type Eysenck (1964) claims is most likely to lead to criminal or anti-social behavior.                                                                                                  (1)A  High psychoticism, low neuroticism and high extraversion B  High psychoticism, high extraversion and high introversion C  High psychoticism, high neuroticism and high extraversion D  High psychoticism, low extraversion and high introversion 

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Identify the personality type Eysenck (1964) claims is most likely to lead to criminal or anti-social behavior.                                                                                                  (1)A  High psychoticism, low neuroticism and high extraversion B  High psychoticism, high extraversion and high introversion C  High psychoticism, high neuroticism and high extraversion D  High psychoticism, low extraversion and high introversion 

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A prisoner receives a token for good behavior, which they can then exchange for extra food in the canteen. Identify which type of reinforce the token would be.                       (1)A Primary reinforcer B Negative reinforcer C Secondary reinforcer D Vicarious reinforcer 

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A prisoner receives a token for good behavior, which they can then exchange for extra food in the canteen. Identify which type of reinforce the token would be.                       (1)A Primary reinforcer B Negative reinforcer C Secondary reinforcer D Vicarious reinforcer 

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Give two findings from Bandura, Ross and Ross’s (1961) study that are relevant to girls’ behavior

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Give two findings from Bandura, Ross and Ross’s (1961) study that are relevant to girls’ behavior

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1)A
2)girls in the study also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female.
3)c

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1. A

2. The children who had previously seen the adults acting aggressively towards the bobo doll were more likely to behave aggressively towards to the bobo doll in stage two of the experiment.
A further interesting finding is that boys were more likely to act aggressively than girls.
The findings support Bandura’s ‘social learning theory’ –  that is, children learn social behaviour such as aggression through the process of observation – through watching the behaviour of another person.

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Answer 1. A

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2)  girls in the study also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female.

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1. A)

2. The girls showed more physical aggression towards male dolls while showing more verbal aggression towards female dolls

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1. Restorative justice seeks to involve victims and the community in a process that holds the offender accountable for repairing the harms committed by the offender. In many restorative justice programs victims, and often community members, meet with offenders to understand why the crime occurred and discuss how to "make right the wrong". These meetings often result in efforts by the offender to make amends to those that were harmed through some form of restitution or community service. So if a restorative jusitce measure is effective it should reduce recidivism.

2. The children who had previously seen the adults acting aggressively towards the bobo doll were more likely to behave aggressively towards to the bobo doll in stage two of the experiment.
A further interesting finding is that boys were more likely to act aggressively than girls.
The findings support Bandura’s ‘social learning theory’ –  that is, children learn social behaviour such as aggression through the process of observation – through watching the behaviour of another person

3.
Hans Eysenck’s theory of criminal personality suggests that personality is biologically based and that personality traits include dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism that can be measured using a personality questionnaire. Extraversion refers to a biological need individuals have for high or low levels of environmental stimulation, determined by the level of arousal in a person’s central and autonomic nervous system. This means that people with high levels of extraversion have a low level of arousal, meaning they require more environmental stimulation to fuel their excitement. In the context of forensic psychology, this environmental stimulation may include criminal behaviour.

4. CBT could help her think rationally and understand that what she is doing is irrational and not correct

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1) a

2) The children who had previously seen the adults acting aggressively towards bobo doll were more likely to behave aggressively towards to the bobo doll in stage two of the experiment.

The further interesting finding is that the boys were more likely to act aggressively than girls.

The findings support Bandura’s ‘social learning theory’ –  that is, children learn social behaviour such as aggression through the process of observation – through watching the behaviour of another person.

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A) Restorative justice is basically a tertiary crime prevention measure. In other words its an aim to prevent re-offending in the first place. Therefore, If a restorative justice measure is effective, it should produce lower rates of re-offending(recidivism),
B) The girls in the aggressive model condition also showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbal aggressive response I'd the model was female. However, the exception to this general pattern was the observation of how often they punched bobo, and in this case the effects of gender were reversed.
C) Hans eysenck's theory of criminal personality suggests that personality is biologically based and that personality traits include dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism that can be measured using a personality questionnaire. Extraversion refers to a biological need individuals have for high or low levels of environment stimulation, determined by the level of arousal in a person's central and automatic nervous system. This means that people with hight levels of extraversion have a low level of arousal, meaning they require more environmental stimulation to fuel their excitement. In the context of forensic psychology, thus environment stimulation may include criminal behaviour

1a: High psychoticm, high extraversion and high introversion.

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1. A
2. It ended up as the girls showed more physical aggression  towards the male dolls but for the female dolls the responses were more verbal aggressive
3. C

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Krystian is 19 years old and has difficulty dealing with anger and aggression. He has been in several fights with friends and strangers. Krystian claims he cannot remain calm when faced with a situation that makes him angry. Krystian’s sister says it is up to him to gain control of his own behavior but Krystian blames his father who is currently in prison for assaulting a man. The police have recently arrested Krystian for a third time and he has been referred to an anger management programme for help. Assess whether an anger management programme could help Krystian change his criminal behavior

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Krystian is 19 years old and has difficulty dealing with anger and aggression. He has been in several fights with friends and strangers. Krystian claims he cannot remain calm when faced with a situation that makes him angry. Krystian’s sister says it is up to him to gain control of his own behavior but Krystian blames his father who is currently in prison for assaulting a man. The police have recently arrested Krystian for a third time and he has been referred to an anger management programme for help. Assess whether an anger management programme could help Krystian change his criminal behavior

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Kylee bought an illegal drug from a student at a nearby college. She took the drug at a party that night. The following weekend, Kylee had bought more of the illegal drug to sell to other people. Her friends were worried and told her not to sell it, but Kylee told them they were overreacting and it was a quick way to make some money. Kylee continued to sell the illegal drug. Explain one strength and one weakness of personality types (Eysenck, 1964) as an explanation for Kylee’s behaviour.

Strength

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1) A
2) Girls in the study showed more physical aggression towards models that were male but more verbal aggression if the model was female

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1)Bandura, Ross and Ross’s (1961) study, found that boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls, hence why krystiean cannot control his anger and is more likely to imitate aggressive behavior. Adolescent anger management programs it was found that these programs are effective in reducing aggressive incidents and effective in positively changing aggressive behavior. Studies that conclude that anger management programs are effective in reducing aggressive incidents will be addressed first. Thomas & Smith (2004) found that anger management programs are effective in reducing students' tendencies to solve problems with physical or relational aggression.
2)Strength:
Hans Eysenck’s theory suggests that personality is biologically based using a personality questionnaire. Neuroticism refers to the stability of personality and a high neuroticism score would represent someone who is more reactive and volatile and perhaps more likely to engage in offending behaviour, so eysencks theory supports Kylee’s behavior towards illegal drugs and why she repeats her reoffending behavior.
weakness:
critics argue that traits do a poor job of predicting behavior in every situation. Some psychologists argue that the situational variables are more influential in determining behavior, so kylees behavior may have been caused by environmental factors as well.

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1.

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1.Anger management therapy heps a person recognse the |ings that trigger their anger.
The therapy thelps a person neplaca enger with caimer responses to a stuation using breathing techniques.
Clents can learn to reftect on their anger through becoming more emotionally aware.
Krystian wouid have a better understanding ut what causes him to get into the fights he is having with Ns trends . He could use breathing techniques to remain calm in sitations that cause his anger and avaid getting into fights . His father is in prison for smilar behaviour which couid man Krystan has inherited his aggresive natune from his dad. ADI - Beng sbie to recognise signs of anger gives Krystian the ability to manage is own behaviour when he finds humoet in rieger situations se he can cope with them independently.
Iratand (2000) tound that priaoners wha had campleted angar management programmes reportet they fet less anger, n the treatment may help Krystian feel less angry f aggression isa predisposition then anger management may not be as effective in helping Krystian manage his aggresive tendericies where he mav heve limited sell-contrat.

2.Strength
Extraversion includes impulsivity which plausibly explains why Kylee's behaviour changed from taking an itlegal drug to selling the illegal drug  which is supported by evidence from Rushton and Christjohn (1981) who found delinquents had higher scores for extraversion, psychoticism and neuroticism .
Weakness
Kylee may have decided to sell the illegal drugs just to gain the monetary reward and not because of her personality . The reward of money would act as positive reinforcement for Kylee and therefore encourage her to repeat the drug selling behaviour.

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Anger can take different forms. Some people feel angry much of the time, or can’t stop dwelling on an event that made them mad. Others get angry less often, but when they do it comes out as explosive bouts of rage. Anger can be caused by internal and external events. You might feel mad at a person, an entity like the company you work for, or an event like a traffic jam or a political election. Wherever the feelings come from, you don’t have to let your anger get the better of you. Here are some techniques to help you stay calm.

Focused breathing. Shallow breathing is angry breathing. Practice taking controlled, slow breaths that you picture coming up from your belly rather than your chest.

Use imagery. Visualize a relaxing experience from your memory or your imagination.

Progressive muscle relaxation. With this technique, you slowly tense then relax each muscle group one at a time. For example, you might start with your toes and slowly work your way up to your head and neck.

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1.a
2. Girls can show physical aggression if they have observed aggressive Male role models
Girls show no preferences for same gender or opposite gender role models so will imitate aggression of males as well as females.

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Strength
Kyle was an extrovet which explains why did her  behavior changed from taking an illegal drug to selling the illegal drug which is supported by evidence from Rushton and Christjohn who found delinquents had higher score for extraversion,phycotism and neuroticism.

Weakness
Kylee  decided to sell the illegal drugs just to gain the monetary reward and not because of her personality. The reward of money would avt so positive reinforcement for kylee and it encourages her to repeat the drug selling behaviour

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A therapist can teach necessary skills to manage overwhelming emotions. They may also help a person address underlying emotions and memories that may be contributing to the distress. With time and patience, anyone can learn to control their anger.The majority of research on anger treatment has focused on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). In CBT, patients learn to identify unhelpful or negative thought patterns and change inaccurate beliefs. One CBT-based anger treatment is known as Stress Inoculation. Krystan would have a better understanding cus thats what gets him into fights. He could also use breathing techniques to stay calm in situations that makes him angry and starts a fight. His father is in prison for a same reason which could suggest that he has inherited this from his dad.

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Answer 1
Anger management program could help Krystain recognise what kind of situations or what basically make him get into anger, it could help him becomes more emotional and humble as well as help him becomes more emotional to handle him anger.

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Answer 2
Weakness :
The reward of money act as positive reinforcement from which Kylee feel comfortable selling illegal drug.
Strength :
The supported evidence from Rushton and Christjohn that extraversion include impulsivity which explain why Kylee's behaviour chaanged from buying illegal drug into selling illegal drug.

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Explain the Theory of Reconstructive Memory Bartlett 

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Explain the Theory of Reconstructive Memory Bartlett 

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Multi store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin

Bartlett 1932 War of the Ghost

What are the Factors affecting Bystander intervention

Define Prosocial and antisocial behavior

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1) Reconstructive memory suggests that in the absence of all information, we fill in the gaps to make more sense of what happened. According to Bartlett, we do this using schemas. These are our previous knowledge and experience of a situation and we use this process to complete the memory. This means that our memories are a combination of specific traces encoded at the time of the event, along with our knowledge, expectations, beliefs and experiences of such an event. Bartlett used a Chinese Whispers technique where English pp’s read an Indian folk story called War of the Ghosts. When it came to recalling the story, as time went on the story became shorter and shorter, and the story was changed and manipulated in a number of ways.

2)The multi-store model is an explanation of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin where information is transferred between these three memory stores in a linear sequence. The three main stores are the sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Each of the memory stores differs in the way information is processed (encoding), how much information can be stored (capacity), and for how long (duration). Information passes from store to store in a linear way, and has been described as an information processing  model (like a computer) with an input, process and output.

3)Bartlett used a Chinese Whispers technique where English pp’s read an Indian folk story called War of the Ghosts. When it came to recalling the story, as time went on the story became shorter and shorter, and the story was changed and manipulated in a number of ways.

4)the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action. The responsibility to act is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

5)Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit  other people or society as a whole eg: donating, sharing, etc. Anti-social behaviours are actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others. It has also been defined as any type of conduct that violates the basic rights of another person and any behaviour that is considered to be disruptive to others in society.

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1.This theory  was proposed by Sir Frederick bartlett, one of the early figures in memory  research. Bartlett's central insight was that memory is not like a tape recorder: it doesn't faithfully play back our experiences.Loftus argued that reconstructive memory  implies that eyewitnesses to crimes will often be unreliable.

2.Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefits other people or society as a whole", "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering".
Antisocial behaviours are actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others. It has also been defined as any type of conduct that violates the basic rights of another person and any behaviour that is considered to be disruptive to others in society.

3.There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action. The responsibility to act is thought to be shared among all of those present.

4.The research by Bartlett (1932) is identified in the Specification along with the concept of schemas. You need to understand these concepts and evaluate them, including how they differ from the multi-store model. It would also be helpful to know about more recent research into reconstructive memory, such as that by Elizabeth Loftus.This theory was proposed by Sir Frederick Bartlett, one of the early figures in memory research. Bartlett’s central insight was that memory is not like a tape recorder: it doesn’t faithfully play back our experiences. Instead, it changes or “reconstructs” them imaginatively.
Bartlett’s ideas were neglected for decades but were brought back into the mainstream again when they were supported by experimental research byElizabeth Loftus. Loftus argued that Reconstructive Memory implies that eyewitnesses to crimes will often be unreliable.

5.The multi-store model of memory (also known as the modal model) was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) and is a structural model. They proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). All of our senses have sensory memory systems but the systems focused on by the Atkinson-Shiffrin model relate to sight and sound known as iconic and echoic memory respectively. Iconic memory lasts less than half a second while echoic memory ceases after three or four seconds.

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Bartlett proposed that memories are not stored as an exact form as in a computer. Instead, our memories are notes about what we experience, like jotting down a brief outline on a notepad. When we come to recall these memories, we simply retrieve the notes and elaborate on them using our general knowledge about similar events. This means that memories are not exact copies of an event but an interpretation  an active reconstruction. Bartlett referred to this general knowledge as schemas. They are unique to us and develop over time through our own experiences. Schemas are packets of information, a bit like scripts, about events or situations. For example, we have a schema for going to a restaurant, which includes a general understanding of that event: being ushered to a table, selecting food from a menu, paying the bill and so on. When we recall going to a specific restaurant, we draw upon this schema to reconstruct the event itself. This may mean that we recall choosing a meal from a menu when in fact there was a set menu, which results in a subtle reconstruction of the original event.

How schemas influence memory
various pictures and stories, Bartlett tested how schemas influence memory. He found that, over time, people recalled the nictures and stories differently because they were influenced by sheir schemas. Schemas influence our memory and cause us to ignore or change details when we recall them. In particular, Bartlett found that recall displayed: ●Omissions - we leave out unfamiliar, irrelevant or unpleasant details when remembering something. Our schema simplifies the information. ●Transformations - details are changed to make them more familiar and rational.
●Familiarisation - we change unfamiliar details to align our own schema.
●Rationalisation - we add details into our recall to give a reason for something that may not have originally fitted with a schema.

A strength of Bartlett's (1932) Theory of Reconstructive Memory is that it has realworld practical application and helps us understand why memory can become distorted. An eyewitness to a crime, for example. can misremember certain events, which may lead to the wrong person being prosecuted for an offence. To avoid this, the police now use an interviewing technique called the cognitive interview. This technique encourages an eyewitness to avoid omissions and transformations in their testimony.

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Reconstructiv  memory is a theory of memory recall , in which the act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including perception , semantic memory and beliefs , amongst others. People view their memories as being a coherent and truthful account of epodimic memory  and believe that their perspective is free from an error during recall. However, the reconstructive process of memory recall is subject to distortion by other intervening cognitive functions such as individual perceptions, social influences, and world knowledge, all of which can lead to errors during reconstruction.

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Identify the number of participants who took part in Bartlett’s (1932) repeatedreproduction of a Native American story called ‘The War of the Ghosts’.(1)A 10B 15C 20D 25

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Identify the number of participants who took part in Bartlett’s (1932) repeatedreproduction of a Native American story called ‘The War of the Ghosts’.(1)A 10B 15C 20D 25

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State two findings of Bartlett’s (1932) study using a repeated reproduction of a Native American story called ‘The War of the Ghosts’.
Define what is meant by ‘retrieval’ as part of the process of memory.