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The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics:

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The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics:

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1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.

2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work.

3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files.

4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.

5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.

6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.

7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.

8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output.

9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.

10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans.

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The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics | Explainer Video

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This Seton Hall University Library resource provides information as to what computer ethics and the computer ethics institute are and lists the ten commandments of computer ethics. It also connects users to helpful books to help them learn more about the subject if interested.

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6.1 Approaches in computer and information ethics

Computer ethics is a field of applied ethics that addresses ethical issues in the use, design and management of information technology and in the formulation of ethical policies for its regulation in society. For contemporary overviews of the field, see [ Tavani, 2007; Weckert, 2007; Spinello and Tavani, 2004; Himma and Tavani, 2008]. Early work in computer ethics or cyberethics had already started in the 1940s, soon after the invention of the computer. MIT Professor Norbert Wiener was a precursor of the field, already identifying many issues of computer ethics in his book The Human Use of Human Beings [Wiener, 1950]. The term "computer ethics" was first introduced in the mid-1970s by Walter Maner, who also promoted the idea of teaching computer ethics in computer science curricula [Maner, 1980]. The watershed year of 1985 saw the appearance of seminal publications by Jim Moor [1985] and Deborah Johnson [1985] that helped define the field. Since then, it has become a recognized field of applied ethics, with its own journals and conference series. In recent years, the field is sometimes also related to a more general field of information ethics, which includes computer ethics, media ethics, library ethics, and bioinformation ethics.

Why would there be a need for computer ethics, while there is no need for a separate field of ethics for many other technologies, like automobiles and appliances? Jim Moor [1985] has argued that the computer has had an impact like no other recent technology. The computer seems to impact every sector of society, and seems to require us to rethink many of our policies, laws and behaviors. According to Moor, this great impact is due to the fact that computers have logical malleability, meaning that their structure allows them to perform any activity that can be specified as a logical relation between inputs and outputs. As a result computers can perform an incredible amount of functions, from word processor to communication device to gaming platform to financial manager.

The versatility of computers is an important reason for the occurrence of a computer revolution, or information revolution, which is now transforming many human activities and social institutions. Many important things that humans do, including many that raise moral questions like stealing from someone, defaming someone, or invading someone's privacy now also exist in electronic form. In addition, the computer also makes substantially new types of activities possible that are morally controversial, such as the creation of virtual child pornography for which no real children were abused. Because many of the actions made possible by computers are different and new, we often lack policies and laws to guide them. They generate what Moor has called policy vacuums, being the lack of clear policies or rules of conduct. The task of computer ethics, then, is to propose and develop new ethical policies, ranging from explicit laws to informal guidelines, to guide new types of actions that involve computers.

Computer ethics has taken off since its birth in the mid-80s, and has established itself as a mature field with its own scientific journals, conferences and organizations. The field initially attracted most of its interests from computer scientists and philosophers. However, given the wide implications for human action sketched by Moor, computer ethics is also of interest to other fields that focus on human behavior and social institutions, such as law, communication studies, education, political science and management. Moreover, computer ethics is also an important topic of debate in the public arena, and computer ethicists regularly contribute to public discussions regarding the use and regulating of computer technology.

Computer ethics is sometimes defined as a branch of professional ethics similar to other branches like engineering ethics and journalism ethics. On this view, the aim of computer ethics is to define and analyze the moral and professional responsibilities of computer professionals, for instance in the design, development and maintenance of computer hardware and software. Computer professionals are individuals employed in the information technology branch, for example as hardware or software engineer, web designer, network or database administrator, computer science instructor or computer-repair technician.

Within this approach to computer ethics, most attention goes to the discussion of ethical dilemmas that various sorts of computer professionals may face in their work and possible ways of approaching them. Such dilemmas may include, for example, the question how one should act as a web designer when one's employer asks one to install spyware into a site built for a client, or the question to what extent software engineers should be held accountable for harm incurred by software malfunction. Next to the discussion of specific ethical dilemmas, there is also general discussion of the responsibilities of computer professionals towards various other parties, such as clients, employers, colleagues, and the general public, and of the nature and importance of ethical codes in the profession. A recent topic of interest has been the development of methods for value-sensitive design, which is the design of software and systems in such a way that they conform to a desired set of (moral) values [Friedman, Kahn and Borning, 2006].

While the professional ethics view of computer ethics is influential, many in the field employ a broader conception that places the focus on general ethical issues in the use and regulation of information technology. This approach may be called the philosophical ethics approach to computer ethics. This conception holds, following Moor [1985], that computer ethics studies moral issues that are of broad societal importance, like information privacy and security, computer crime, issues of access and equity, and the regulation of commerce and speech on the Internet, and develops ethical policies to address them. It asks what ethical principles should guide our thinking about these issues, and what specific policies (laws, social and corporate policies, social norms) should regulate conduct with respect to them. Within this approach, some researchers focus on the development of ethical guidelines for users of computer technology. Others place more emphasis on policy issues, and try to formulate ethical policies for organizations, government agencies or lawmakers. Still others focus on computer technologies themselves, and try to identify and evaluate morally relevant features in their design. Some also focus on theoretical and metaethical issues.

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Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

The Computer Ethics Institute was developed as a public policy group to help define ethical behavior with the use of technology. The CEI was one of the first organizations to define a set of ethics for the use of computers. The specified 10 commandments of computer ethics.

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Conclusion

The design of green ICT-based solutions should consider the three pillars of sustainable development (Figure 3.1 ). The analysis is complex because it develops ICT solutions with the three objectives sometimes having conflicting criteria. Moreover, the analysis of the impact on the planet covers an unlimited scope that should include all pollution forms and the Earth's resource management, making a global assessment difficult during the entire ICT product life cycle. Pragmatically, green ICT mainly focuses on energy optimization. The major explanation is that it is a win-win activity because of its benefits on both planet and profit pillars. The recycling has also a positive result on both pillars because it enables the indefinite reuse of rare materials that are becoming more and more expensive. However, its implementation is very complex, and the return on investment is less immediate than energy. Regarding the people pillar, there are many contributions in the literature on computer ethics. However, from our best of knowledge, no significant contributions couple computer ethics with green ICT in a global sustainable development approach. People pillar should be analyzed at two levels: (1) how the ICT solution is designed and (2) how the developed ICT solution is used.

Nevertheless, the representation of sustainable development from a triangle is restrictive and especially hides the ICT performances corresponding to the fundamental activities of ICT engineers. Perhaps it is one factor explaining why the first green metrics in data centers do not include data center activities. The goal of the sustainable development triangle is to force ICT engineers to analyze the interactions between the three pillars to find balanced solutions that satisfy all stakeholders. However, the base requirement for an ICT professional when creating new ICT solutions is to specify SLA with economy and ICT metrics. In Figure 3.8, a new pillar is added, enabling the integration of ICT metrics in green ICT systems engineering. From this green ICT metric pyramid, the ICT engineer can study the relationships between ICT metrics and the pillars of sustainable development triangle in order to propose ecoefficient green ICT metrics and to specify green SLA.

A systems engineering approach for green ICT projects is recommended for developing more sustainable ICT-based solutions gathering in the same study all stakeholder requirements and enabling verification of the conformity of solutions. Moreover, new constraints directly related to climate change make ICT engineering more complex. Indeed, the ICT sector contributes to climate change, so it must propose resilient ICT solutions to climate changes. ITU (2014) explains the risks posed by both acute weather events (e.g., short-term extreme events such as cyclones, intense rainfall, and flooding) and chronic trends (e.g., long-term changes in temperature, seasonality, and the rise of sea levels) to guarantee reliable telecommunication infrastructures. For example, the installation of antenna should be more robust to withstand extreme wind, lightning, and heavy snowfall. A checklist of new constraints is proposed to ensure that all these extreme climate conditions were envisaged in ICT engineering step (ITU, 2014).

Finally, the SMART 2020 (Smart 2020, 2008) report shows the ambivalence of the ICT sector because it was responsible in 2007 for 2% of global carbon emissions and participates in climate change, but the sector could contribute to mitigating the carbon footprint of other human activity sectors related to transport, buildings, power, and industry by improving their energy efficiency. In this context, the role of ICT engineers is to design and create new smart metering in order to analyze and control the energy consumption of applications in real time. These metrics defined by applications (transport, building, etc.) are not included in the green ICT metrics presented in this chapter.

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Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128112489000012 Computer ethics is a field of applied ethics that addresses ethical issues in the use, design and management of information technology and in the formulation of ethical policies for its regulation in society. For contemporary overviews of the field, see [ Tavani, 2007; Weckert, 2007; Spinello and Tavani, 2004; Himma and Tavani, 2008].

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I believe the commandment that students violate most often would be number 8, "Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output." I don't believe this is always intentional, but when students are gathering information and don't know how to cite sources properly, or are working together and sharing ideas when they are not supposed to be, commandment 8 can be broken easily.

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I believe violations of the ten commandments of computer ethics occur because most of the time when people work with computers they are working alone, so they are more inclined to break these rules when they think no one is watching them.

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I think if there was more awareness around what these laws are for everyday computer users and greater accountability for those who violate the laws, we could reduce the amount of violations.