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For each state you and your group need to identify the following:
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)

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1. The Ethiopian empire had an absolute monarchy, which means they were ruled by a King/Emperor.

2. Ethiopia does not have a large connection with the Saharan Trade network but instead has lots of trade connections using the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea

3. The social hierarchy's highest positions in Ethiopia were held by the Emperor, nobilities, and landlords. Below them consisted of farmers and millions of peasants.

4. Nearly half of Ethiopia's population follows the orthodox church. There is also a large Muslim population, as well as followers of ancient Judaism. Ethiopia's monolithic churches are a very important part of their history.

5. The Ethiopians shaped their environment into a great empire. This caused them to deforest the area. Deforestation causes soil erosion and biodiversity loss.

6. Shonn Huang and Aashay Kawathekar

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1.  Decentralized political system, but had Kings? Each kingdom in the Hausa Kingdoms had its own religious or political leaders. Subject to domination from outside groups with no centralized government.

2. The cities are centers of trade. Trans-Saharan Trade network which was a way for countries within the Sahara Desert, traded resources with each other. . Traded lots of farming products. Wealth was obtainable through trade and farming.

3. Populations were grouped by a common language, cosmopolitan which means including people from different places.

4. The kingdoms adopted Islam from missionaries in the 14th century. Religious authority had descended from the 1st ruler of Ife.

5. There massive production of corn, millet, sorghum, thus meaning lots of farms and farmer population. Use of trade networks means constructions of roads and ways to trade with other civilizations.

6. Aashay Kawathekar, Bridget Dela Rosa

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Name: Nicholas White
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe

Zimbabwe was ruled by a hereditary monarchy of the elite class, known as the Shona.

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners

Zimbabwe’s economic system was based on agriculture, coastal trade and gold. Zimbabwe traded with coastal city-states such as Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu, through the ports of which Zimbabwe was tied into the Indian Ocean Trade.

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy

Zimbabwe had a social hierarchy which separated the upper controlling class of chiefs and the shona elite from the middle and lower classes of farmers and traders. Additionally Zimbabwe traders in East Africa blended Bantu and Arabic to create Swahili.

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)

In the 9th century Zimbabwean chiefs constructed their homes, known as zimbabwes, from stone in notable contrast to the traditional wood construction of dwellings at the time. Furthermore by the end of the 13th Century a massive stone wall, 30 feet tall and 15 feet thick, had been constructed around the capital city which would become known as Great Zimbabwe.

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?

Residents of Zimbabwe overgrazed the land around the capital leading to it inevitably being abandoned .

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Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA

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1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
Chaco's government was egalitarian. They wanted people and citizens to have equal rights equal opportunities.
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
Chaco's economic system included intensive and extensive agriculture.  Chaco's potential trade route connections were roads. It's road system extended with distances throughout its sites. Chaco's potential trade partners were from within the Chaco's Canyon.
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
Chaco is a social structure. In Cacho, it's construction and structures increases it's social structure.
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
The people of Chaco believe in ancestory. It was a form of religion for them. The architecture in Chaco had very appealing ancient monuments. The Chaco had impressive temples and architecture built from the rocks they found around them. Their housing architecture mainly consisted of cave dwellings. Chaco people were also known for their astronomy.
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
The main impact of Chaco on the environment were the cave dwellings. They carved indents in the side of mountains for housing, causing the faster of erosion of rocks. The inhabitants of Chaco Canyon shaped the landscape around them.
6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
Bridget Dela Rosa

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Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, CO, USA

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Name: Anthony Zhang
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
The Anasazi were known to have a very loose government structure, relying on clans made up of close families governed by leaders called Headmen. Each clan would choose a Headmen to represent them at meetings with other Headmen to discuss political matters.
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
The Anasazi would trade with other communities close to them. Trade as whole extended to the Pacific, as seashells constantly made their way to Mesa Verde, from village to village. Certain individuals in each community specialized in certain skills, allowing for the crafting and trading of jewelry, arrows, pottery, baskets, sandals, and more. Only surpluses of these were traded to other villages, through a network of trails.
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
The social structure or hierarchy of the Anasazi were matrilineal. This meant it was a society founded on kinship with the mother/female line. Since clans were divided based on family relationships, clan affiliation therefore logically stemmed from relationships with their mother. Men hunted, tended to crops, and build homes while women were in charge of the household, which is typical of an early society.
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
Architecture for the Anasazi consisted of rectangular blocks of sandstone, glued together through mortar made of mud and water. Rooms often were spacious enough for 2 to 3 people to live in, and ceremonial chambers known as kiva were a unique architectural aspect of the Anasazi. This ceremonial chamber was where much of daily life took place. The Anasazi did not have a concrete religion, and it is thought that they worshipped nature gods that controlled certain aspects of nature such as the sun, rain, and earth. Worshipping occurred in the kivas discussed above; however, specific details of their rituals have been lost to time. Other notable cultural characteristics included a spiral twilled technique to make baskets, the unique design of pottery, tools made from bones of animals that were typical of settled nomads, and the importance of turkeys in the economy.
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
The inhabitants of Mesa Verde, called the Anasazi, shaped their environment by building homes underneath large overhanging cliffs, allowing us to be able to see the beautiful  dwellings as shown above today. Sandstone from their natural environment was shaped into rectangular blocks and mud/water was used to build dwellings under these cliffs. Furthermore, the Anasazi changed their environment by cutting down trees for firewood and polluting the environment by throwing trash off the cliff dwellings to the area below.

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Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Collinsville, IL, USA

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1. Cahokia was a chiefdom which means a state that is ruled by the chief of the Cahokia tribe.

2. City was the center of the trading network. Agriculture based economy.

3. Mississippian Society and Matrilineal Society which included the Chief at the top ranks, priests and nobles, farmers, hunters, merchants, and slaves at the bottom of the social class system.

4. Inhabitants created the 100-foot Mound which was the "plaza" in the city's center. Lots of earthen mounds shaped like pyramids and were pedestals where the civic leaders live. This society had its own religion and set of gods or deities to worship. There is a tribal population, temples, and carved stone figurines.

5. Cahokia was a corn based society as corn was the crop that was cultivated and harvested the most. Huge agricultural surplus was achieved in Cahokia.

6. Aashay Kawathekar

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Name: Anthony Zhang and Pablo Pena
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
The Aztecs who ruled Teotihuacan was an empire divided into city-states. Each city-state was called a altepetl and was ruled by a tlatoani and a supreme judge/administrator called cihuacoatl. In the capital city of Tenochtitlan, there was an emperor that ruled all the city-states as a whole.
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
Since the Aztecs lived in a swampy environment, they used water travel to go to areas to trade. Also, since they ruled over a vast area, their influence and trade spread of a big space so they could trade many goods with other tribes. Other groups of people such as the Mayans traded with the Aztecs for feathers, turquoise, jade, and other valuable items.
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
Teotihuacan had a social structure that divided the people into 6 different classes. The Mexica civilization also had a strict social structure.
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
The Mexica and Teotihuacan people were polytheistic. They both had priests and partook in human ritual sacrifice. The Teotihuacan had religious statues in their architecture. Both of them made pyramid-like architectural structures.
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
The Aztecs shaped their environment by building various structures to worship their gods or for dwellings to live in. The Aztecs constantly built pyramid like structures, temples, and palaces made of stone to worship their gods. They also built floating gardens called chinampas to increase the amount of land for food production. Finally, they also changed their environment by digging ditches for lake water to irrigate their fields and crops.

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Pablo Pena
1. Maya City-States had an hereditary dictatorship-like government. This position was passed down from the father to the son only and the ruler would have almost absolute power.
2. They had a trade system which existed through salt, obsidian, jade, cacao, animal pelts, tropical bird feathers, and luxury ceramics. Goods from the highlands were traded with those of the lowlands. The Tainos of the Caribbean island of Cuba and the Quechua from South America were potential trade partners of the Mayans. The currency of the Mayan-City-States was cocoa.

3. The Mayan City-States had a social hierarchy.

4. The Mayan City-States had priests, a polytheistic religion, and occasionally made offerings by killing living beings to their gods. Human sacrifice was seen as the ultimate sacrifice to the gods. They had good architects who could build pyramids and temples, however they could not build the arch.
5. Mayans used slash and burn agricultural techniques which shaped the environment.

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1. Inca has a monarchical and theocratic government. In a monarchical government, the King or Queen is the head of state. A theocratic government is one that has divine guidance, or is ruled by someone who is regarded as "divinely guided." In short, Inca's government is ruled by a king who is guided by a divine being.

2. The Incas had a centrally planned economy. They had efficient management of labor under their government. Collective labor was the main source of economic productivity and the creation of social wealth. In the Inca empire, exchanges within the empire were made using the barter system where people traded with one another. There was few outside trading with tribes from the Amazon.

3. Inca's social structure is composed of the Emperor and his family, nobles, and then commoners. People whose families were originally in Inca held a higher status than those who weren't.

4. Inca's religion centered on a group of gods. Inti, the creator god named Viracocha, and Apu Illapu, the rain god. One outstanding characteristic of the remains of their religion are the impressive shrines throughout the kingdom. They also have a massive Sun Temple that measured more than 1200 feet in circumference. The Inca empire also had an entire road network that connected all parts of the area. The Inca's also had a unique system of recording things, called quipu, which use knotted strings to convey information.

5.  The inhabitants of Inca shaped the environment into a very efficient empire. There were buildings, shrines, temples, and roads, which represented a strong economy and well defined empire. They cut flat plains into the mountains to create suitable farmland.

6. Shonn Huang

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Once Complete, you need to start thinking collectively and looking for trends and patterns.

Together, complete the writing tasks in Greenland, Russia, Australia, and Argentina.

When done, click "share", copy link, and submit the link to the HUB assignment along with adding all group member's names

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Identify and Explain one similarity between the states in what is now the United States.
A similarity between the Cahokia, Mesa Verde, and Chaco states is the heavy dependence on agriculture in order for society to function. The Cahokia state heavily relied on corn as a means of trade and food, while the Chaco and Mesa Verde both used intensive agriculture to provide for the villages that developed in those states. On top of this, the governments of all three states could more be described as  tribal rule than empires, meaning that their sphere of influence was far smaller than other states. Both the dependence on agriculture and tribal government prevented all states from expanding to an empire-like state, allowing for multiple states to prosper in one time period.

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Identify and Explain one difference between the two states in Central America.
One difference between the Teotihuacan and the Mayan City-States was that politics aspect of both states. While the Teotihuacan or Aztecs were united under one emperor who governed over altepetl, which were city-states with a degree of power. However, the Mayans were not as centralized and placed more of an emphasis on the power of each local city-state. This meant that the Mayan empire could possibly more divided, as the intentions of each city state varied, while the Aztecs followed under one rule. The difference in the method of ruling allowed the Aztecs to conquer a greater area and establish their influence over a greater area, while the Mayan's method of ruling prevented them from controlling a massive area of land due to the divided city states rulers.

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Identify and Explain one difference between the record keeping systems of the Inca and Hausa Kingdoms
A difference between the record keeping systems of the Inca and Hausa Kingdoms is that the Inca state recorded their information through a special method of knot tying to pass on information from generation to generation. On the other hand, the Hausa Kingdom established a written language that allowed for important information to be written on parchment, allowing for information to be more easily recorded and interpreted for future generations. The written language of the Hausa state allows historians and people in the future easier access to the information behind the language since of the commonality of languages in the today's world. It also can better carry over information from generation to generation than the Inca because there are certain limitations to the method of using knots to store information.

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Identify and Explain one Economic similarity between the two East African States

One economic similarity between the two East Africans States how both states used bodies of water to conduct trade and strengthen their economy. The state of Ethiopia and Zimbabwe were connected coastal trade in which they exchanged various raw materials or crafts. Not only did this trade network extend through all of Eastern Africa but also was part of the Indian Ocean Trade that stretched to Indian and even East Asian countries like China. The similar trade networks allowed for both states to strengthen their economy and establish their influence in the early world in order to maintain autonomy over the area they ruled.