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the direct change in the state of a substance from solid to gaseous state
e.g. (substances that sublime) iodine, dry ice, naphthalene, etc.

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separate miscible liquids
based on their different boiling points

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separate the components of a suspension
-uses a filter funnel and filter paper
-residue: does not dissolve in the liquid
-filtrate: can pass through the pores of the filter paper

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used to separate coloured chemicals or substances

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the use of a magnet to separate magnetic materials from non magnetic materials .For example :you can use a magnet to separate nickel from copper or iron from sulfur .Metals that are magnetic include(iron, steel ,nickel, cobalt)

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Purpose

A method used to separate & identify small amounts of components that dissolve in the same solvent (can be used to determine whether a sample is pure)

Types of Chromatography

- Paper
- Thin layer
- High performance liquid
- Gas
- Two dimensional

Daily uses of Paper Chromatography

- To separate & identify different dyes in inks
- To separate & identify coloured substances used in food products such as sweets & canned vegetables
- To separate & detect pollutants in water

Precautions:

- A pencil has to be used to draw the start line as it is insoluble in most solvents and will not affect the results of the chromatogram

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Used to separate an object made of magnetic materials (iron, nickel, steel, cobalt) from a mixture containing objects made from non-magnetic materials

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used to separate the components from a liquid mixture
- obtain pure solvent from solution

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Steps:
1. Pour the impure mixture into a evaporating dish
2. Set up the Bunsen Burner
3. Open the air hole using a cloth for a non-luminous flame which will heat the mixture cleanly
4. Heat over flame until mixture is bubbling and small solids are formed on the side of the evaporating dish
5. Pour the contents of the evaporating dish using a filter funnel into a beaker
6. Scrape the residue into an evaporating dish
7. Leave the evaporating dish in the open for 24 hours

Function: To obtain pure crystals from impure substances