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This article is about climate change and how emissions gap reports shows countries are not cutting emissions quickly enough therefore consequences are happening like the wild fire in the Amazon rainforest have been made worse by climate change. According to the annual emissions report by the United Nations show how countries are not doing enough to cut global emissions. This is relevant to the topic about the UN and made a connection back to the reading from Kevin Rudo, which was stating the importance of the United Nations and how increasing array of unpredictable global challenges requires reshaping the global body to

confront them.

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The annual emissions report by the United Nations has just been released, and the results show countries aren't doing enough to cut global emissions.

The report has shown that even if all the countries follow through with the promises they made to cut emissions, the world could still warm by 3.2 degrees by the end of the century.

Global climate change experts at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that allowing temperatures to rise more than 1.5 degrees this century would have hugely damaging effects for human, plant and animal life across the planet.

Some of the wealthiest countries have been criticised for not pulling their weight, with 15 out of 20 nations having no timeline for a net zero target, and they report says emissions have gone up by 1.5% per year in the last decade.

What is the emissions gap report?

The emissions gap report looks at the difference between what scientists recommend we should be doing to combat global warming, vs what we actually are doing, and how much of a gap there is between them.

What would this mean for the world?

An increase of 3.2 degrees might not sound like much, but small changes can have massive impact.

According to experts, c Coral reefs would be wiped out with a 2°C increase in temperature.

Our...failure to act early and hard on climate change means we now must deliver deep cuts to emissions - over 7% each year, if we break it down evenly over the next decade

The Arctic and Antarctic ice caps would melt causing global sea-levels to rise to round 10-60cms, which would increase the risk of flooding for millions of people and wildlife around the world.

The ability to grow certain crops like rice and wheat could also become more difficult.

Extreme weather like heatwaves, droughts and storms could happen more often and become more severe.

How are world leaders committing to fight climate change?

In 2015 a huge international deal took place, called the Paris Agreement.

Leaders from 195 countries came together to try to keep the world's temperature from increasing by two degrees by making pledges to lower emissions.

Earlier this year the UN Climate Action Summit took place, where world leaders, big businesses and climate activists like Greta Thunberg came together to make a positive commitment to cutting global emissions.

77 countries made a promise to cut greenhouse gasses to net zero by 2050 - including the UK.

What needs to be done?

The G20 - the group of the world's 20 wealthiest countries, are responsible for 78% of all emissions.

But so far, only the EU, the UK, Italy and France have committed to long-term net zero targets.

Seven G20 members need to do more to achieve their current promises, including: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, South Africa and the US.

The UN has said that if these countries don't make bigger commitments and improvements to their plans, then the target of only increasing the global temperature by 1.5C will be missed by a significant amount.

What about the UK?

In 2019 the government announced a plan to cut greenhouse gas emissions to almost zero by 2050.

Britain was the first major nation to propose this target.

Theresa May who was prime minister at the time said there was a "moral duty to leave this world in a better condition than what we inherited".

The actual terminology used by the government is "net zero" greenhouse gases by 2050.

That means emissions from homes, transport, farming and industry will have to be avoided completely or - in the most difficult examples - offset by planting trees or sucking CO2 out of the atmosphere.

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Climate change: Emissions gap report shows countries are not cutting emissions quickly enough - CBBC Newsround

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The annual emissions report by the United Nations has just been released, and the results show countries aren't doing enough to cut global emissions. The report has shown that even if all the countries follow through with the promises they made to cut emissions, the world could still warm by 3.2 degrees by the end of the century.

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POST #9 (November 25, 2019)- Global Trade

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POST #9 (November 25, 2019)- Global Trade

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This article is about the world traded more than $25tn in goods and services in 2018 - and that's more than 50 times the value of the products directly affected by the US and Chinese tariffs. The growth in global trade may have slowed to 3.0% this year - the lowest since the 2009 recession - according to the International Monetary Fund, but the trend is still upward. This relates to the topic on global trade, specifically Global trade in the case of China that we watched videos on and discussed during class.

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Global trade used to be a slightly worthy topic - loved by economists and confined to the financial pages of newspapers.

But recent high profile trade rows have changed all that, underlining its value and importance to us all.

Looking at the news headlines, it is easy to think that trade flows are going into reverse. The continuing dispute between the US and China has seen Washington imposing tariffs on more than $360bn (£287m) of Chinese goods, while Beijing has retaliated with tariffs on more than $110bn of US products.

Elsewhere, Japan and South Korea's trade dispute is threatening the production of smartphones, computers and other electronics, while the European Union and the UK face potential disruption from a disorderly Brexit.

Yet step back from the headlines, and take the longer view, and things look different. The world traded more than $25tn in goods and services in 2018 - and that's more than 50 times the value of the products directly affected by the US and Chinese tariffs.

The growth in global trade may have slowed to 3.0% this year - the lowest since the 2009 recession - according to International Monetary Fund, but the trend is still upward

The more a country trades with its neighbours, the better the state of its economy; and nations whose domestic economies are growing significantly also tend to have higher rates of growth in trade as a share of their output, argue economists.

"Liberal trade policies that allow the unrestricted flow of goods and services sharpen competition, motivate innovation and breed success," says the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Check out more on global trade on the BBC's Made on Earth website

And trade has existed as long as we humans have formed civilised societies. In the 3rd millennium BC, the Sumerian city states in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley (present-day Pakistan, parts of India and Afghanistan).

By the 2nd millennium BC, Bronze Age Greece, Egypt, Babylon and the Hittite empire (now Turkey) regularly traded with each other - and with distant Afghanistan, where the semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli, was highly prized for its intense blue colour and used in jewellery.

It was a trade that came to a spectacular end when their interconnected civilisations came crashing down around 1150BC - perhaps the first example we know of a "global" economic collapse.

Today the sheer variety of global trade can be astounding. For example, take cut flower exports from countries like Peru and Kenya. These have soared thanks to the growth of air travel, and the trade is now worth more than $16bn a year - that's a lot of bouquets.

Or take the humble bicycle; in the UK 50 years ago most were produced in one city - Nottingham. Today the industry is worth $45bn worldwide, and relies on an integrated global supply chain with "rims from Bulgaria, titanium from China, metal from Taiwan, hub gears from America", says Will Butler-Adams of the UK's Brompton Bikes firm.

But it is the 20th Century's semiconductor chip which has gone further than any other single item of technology in deepening many of our connections. It's estimated the average western customer now uses services from 40 satellites orbiting the globe every day - all thanks to computer chips.

While silicon - the natural element at the heart of this $500bn industry - is found in 90% of the Earth's crust, much of it comes from just one small town in North Carolina called Spruce Pine. A particularly pure source of quartz, the mineral from which silicon is extracted, is mined there.

"It does boggle the mind a bit," says mine manager Rolf Pippert, "to consider that inside nearly every cell phone, and computer chip, you'll find quartz from Spruce Pine."

In modern history, there have been two long waves of globalization. The first started after the Napoleonic wars in 1815 and ended with World War One. The second started after 1945 and is still continuing; the volume of goods exported today is more than 40 times greater than it was in 1913, with about 25% of total global production sold abroad.

Now we are seeing another radical shift.

While it took centuries for the world's economies to shift from agriculture to manufacturing, the rise of the services sector has occurred much more quickly over the past 20 years, and now accounts for 68% of total global GDP.

Yet here, barriers to trading services internationally still remain, putting a break on economic growth.

"What good is it manufacturing world-class goods if you don't have sufficient access to business services like banking, accountancy and insurance to make global operations viable?" argues Simon MacAdam, global economist at Capital Economics.

Global Trade

More from the BBC's series taking an international perspective on trade:

Why 'hypebeasts' have fallen for Asian streetwear

Can a sacred drink boost an island's fortunes?

The hidden links between slavery and Wall Street

Will Brexit hit Britain's fresh vegetable supplies?

When it comes to exporting, small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) are often under-represented. Bigger firms have more capacity to absorb the expense of pioneering in new overseas markets, and smaller firms can often find it hard to get the relevant information they need in a timely fashion.

But recent changes in the global trading landscape, such as the rise of global value chains and the digital transformation, are offering new opportunities for SMEs to integrate into the global economy.

Greater flexibility and capacity to customise and differentiate products can give SMEs a competitive advantage in global markets, as they can respond rapidly to changing market conditions and increasingly shorter product life cycles.

So what next? The opening decades of the 21st Century have been labelled as heralding an "Asian century". While critics might quote those oft-disputed words of Zhou Enlai - "it is too soon to say" - what is certainly true is that established trading patterns have radically changed.

We've seen the rise of new groupings like Brics (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and new trade deals like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP): agreed between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam, the CPTPP is now the world's third-largest free trade area.

The only two still bigger are the North American Free Trade Agreement between the US, Canada and Mexico; and the European Union.

Advocates of free trade say that while globalisation is causing political strains in some countries, as employment patterns shift, retreating into simple protectionism will simply exacerbate rather than resolve problems.

And on that note, in her summary earlier this month, IMF chief economist Gita Gopinath pointedly referred to the global importance of calming the current trade disputes.

"To rejuvenate growth, policymakers must undo the trade barriers put in place with durable agreements, rein in geopolitical tensions and reduce domestic policy uncertainty."

In the end, it all comes down to trade.

Follow Tim Bowler on Twitter@timbowlerbbc

You can watch the latest Made on Earth film at these times this weekend on BBC World TV: Sat 26 Oct at 01:30 and 08:30 GMT; Sun 27 at 14:30 and 21:30 GMT. Click here for more programme information.

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Tensions highlight the importance of global trade

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Global trade used to be a slightly worthy topic - loved by economists and confined to the financial pages of newspapers. But recent high profile trade rows have changed all that, underlining its value and importance to us all. Looking at the news headlines, it is easy to think that trade flows are going into reverse.

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POST #6 (November 19,2019)- GLOBAL LABOR

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POST #6 (November 19,2019)- GLOBAL LABOR

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Leicester's textile industry in Spinney Hillsbeing talking about a Bulgarian woman who is working as a seamstress, and being paid £6 an hour. The national minimum wage for over-25-year-olds is £8.21 an hour. This is partly in response to the rise of fast-fashion, which is clothes reflecting current trends that are available cheaply and at short notice. States how people that always trying to stay up to date with the latest fashion can be damaging the environment without even realising it. UK politicians says the fashion industry is a major source of the greenhouse gases that are overheating the planet. This relates to the Film: Maquilopolis, because the film has relatable problems like the sweatshops and the environmental damage the factories did to the maquiladora’s city and how things have changed throughout time.

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It's lunchtime in the heart of Leicester's textile industry, Spinney Hills. Two women are smoking outside a derelict-looking factory building.

One says she is Bulgarian, working as a seamstress, and that she is being paid £6 an hour.

The national minimum wage for over-25-year-olds is £8.21 an hour.

Walking around this part of the city, it's apparent there are many clothes manufacturers in operation within the old factories.

This is partly in response to the rise of fast-fashion - clothes reflecting current trends, available cheaply and at short notice,

Red-brick Victorian buildings, symbols of Leicester's proud industrial past, are broken up internally into units.

Company names are stuck above entry doors, some handwritten, as though the companies themselves were set up in haste.

And business seems to be good: many are hiring. One notice in marker pen calls for a sewing machinist with a "good rate to pay", adding a mobile number.

When we call the number, the employment terms on offer turn out to be "£5.50, £6 per hour... no contracts".

Leicester is the city that once claimed to clothe the world, with powerhouse manufacturers producing knitwear and footwear for the masses.

The industry was so successful, it sent Leicester to second place in the League of Nations' list of richest cities in Europe in 1936.

After a downturn a few decades ago, when many manufacturers moved overseas in search of cheaper labour, the industry is again on the up.

What is fast-fashion?

Exploitation 'rife' in UK textile industry

But the resurgence hasn't been entirely welcome.

As the industry grows, Leicester is grappling with the rise of its darker side: so-called sweatshops that don't adhere to employment laws.

Sue Tilley is responsible for Leicester's economic strategy at the local enterprise partnership.

"The darker side is perhaps not the businesses but the people who are placing the business. There has to be a responsibility with them as well."

Caught in a trap

The chair of the Leicestershire textile manufacturers association, Saeed Khilji, says demand for cheap clothes plays a significant role.

He argues manufacturers are caught "in a sandwich" between retailers' expectations and production costs.

As a result, Mr Khilji has decided to club together with other manufacturers to sell directly to customers under the label MeSheMe.

He has been one of the few to speak candidly about issues in the industry.

Reports of poor working practices in the sector led to a pilot scheme bringing together retailers, the police and HMRC, with Leicester its focus.

Mayor Sir Peter Soulsby has been involved in implementing the scheme and is keen to stamp out the problem.

He makes clear that there are retailers at the forefront of these efforts.

"Some of the bigger retailers were the first to come to me to say, 'We're keen to source in the UK, to build on Leicester's strengths, but we're concerned about our reputation and we're concerned about your reputation,'" he says.

One fashion retailer, Boohoo, told us it now makes unannounced site visits monthly to every manufacturer. It has also set up an office in Leicester to maintain closer ties with local suppliers.

Monitoring the manufacturers is no easy task. The volume and churn of companies seems to reflect the fast-fashion they produce. The workers' lack of English and desire for work means that few speak out.

Six months since the scheme launched, Sue Tilley says the problem has stayed at the same level - despite a series of police raids.

The ethical premium

Ethically Sourced Products Ltd are making polo shirts for a well-known British brand.

The managing director, Richard Olley, runs the company in a new building in Spinney Hills.

Early on, Richard was helped by Leicester City Council funding. He also received an unlikely boost by orders from rock bands who sought an ethical producer for their merchandise - including Radiohead.

"The right customers understand that they may have to pay more to us than they might do to somebody else - but they understand the reasons why that is the case," he says.

The business is one that the council is keen to put forward as a positive example, because of the way it operates.

Inside the factory, a bell rings intermittently to make sure workers are taking breaks.

But Mr Olley says it's difficult to find new staff for his business, describing how there's a skills gap for certain types of work in the industry.

This is underlined by a stalwart of the Leicester fashion industry, Joules.

It was set up in Leicestershire 30 years ago and maintains headquarters in Market Harborough, but finds Leicester's textiles industry doesn't necessarily serve its needs.

Founder Tom Joule says that while it might be suitable for sourcing simple pieces such as T-shirts, the city's manufacturers aren't well-suited to its products.

"It is geared to fast-fashion, and we are not fast," he says.

Instead, Joules sources from overseas, including Turkey and India, for a higher quality product.

Although Leicester is keen to attract businesses such as Joules, there is more work to be done to rebuild its infrastructure and reputation as the home of UK textiles.

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The city fighting fast-fashion sweatshops

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It's lunchtime in the heart of Leicester's textile industry, Spinney Hills. Two women are smoking outside a derelict-looking factory building. One says she is Bulgarian, working as a seamstress, and that she is being paid £6 an hour. The national minimum wage for over-25-year-olds is £8.21 an hour.

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This article talks about how China became the world’s “economic miracle“. Demonstrating how the country was very poor and had no trading partners, no diplomatic relationships and pretty much were relying on self-sufficiency. Now over the past 40 years has introduced landmark market reforms to open trade routes and investment flows. Now China has pulled hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. This is relevant because it connects to a reading we did by Diane Coyle, “Beyond GDP” because it demonstrates China’s GDP compared to other countries and tallies the goods and services produced within the country during a specific time period, as a measure of economic performance.

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It took China less than 70 years to emerge from isolation and become one of the world's greatest economic powers.

As the country celebrates the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, we look back on how its transformation spread unprecedented wealth - and deepened inequality - across the Asian giant.

"When the Communist Party came into control of China it was very, very poor," says DBS chief China economist Chris Leung.

"There were no trading partners, no diplomatic relationships, they were relying on self-sufficiency."

Over the past 40 years, China has introduced a series of landmark market reforms to open up trade routes and investment flows, ultimately pulling hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

The 1950s had seen one of the biggest human disasters of the 20th Century. The Great Leap Forward was Mao Zedong's attempt to rapidly industrialise China's peasant economy, but it failed and 10-40 million people died between 1959-1961 - the most costly famine in human history.

This was followed by the economic disruption of the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, a campaign which Mao launched to rid the Communist party of his rivals, but which ended up destroying much of the country's social fabric.

'Workshop of the world'

Yet after Mao's death in 1976, reforms spearheaded by Deng Xiaoping began to reshape the economy. Peasants were granted rights to farm their own plots, improving living standards and easing food shortages.

The door was opened to foreign investment as the US and China re-established diplomatic ties in 1979. Eager to take advantage of cheap labour and low rent costs, money poured in.

"From the end of the 1970s onwards we've seen what is easily the most impressive economic miracle of any economy in history," says David Mann, global chief economist at Standard Chartered Bank.

The day China became communist

The deep cuts behind China's extraordinary rise

Through the 1990s, China began to clock rapid growth rates and joining the World Trade Organization in 2001 gave it another jolt. Trade barriers and tariffs with other countries were lowered and soon Chinese goods were everywhere.

"It became the workshop of the world," Mr Mann says.

Take these figures from the London School of Economics: in 1978, exports were $10bn (£8.1bn), less than 1% of world trade.

By 1985, they hit $25bn and a little under two decades later exports valued $4.3trn, making China the world's largest trading nation in goods.

Poverty rates tumble

The economic reforms improved the fortunes of hundreds of millions of Chinese people.

The World Bank says more than 850 million people been lifted out of poverty, and the country is on track to eliminate absolute poverty by 2020.

At the same time, education rates have surged. Standard Chartered projects that by 2030, around 27% of China's workforce will have a university education - that's about the same as Germany today.

Rising inequality

Still, the fruits of economic success haven't spread evenly across China's population of 1.3 billion people.

Examples of extreme wealth and a rising middle class exist alongside poor rural communities, and a low skilled, ageing workforce. Inequality has deepened, largely along rural and urban divides.

"The entire economy is not advanced, there's huge divergences between the different parts," Mr Mann says.

The World Bank says China's income per person is still that of a developing country, and less than one quarter of the average of advanced economies.

China's average annual income is nearly $10,000, according to DBS, compared to around $62,000 in the US.

Slower growth

Now, China is shifting to an era of slower growth.

For years it has pushed to wean its dependence off exports and toward consumption-led growth. New challenges have emerged including softer global demand for its goods and a long-running trade war with the US. The pressures of demographic shifts and an ageing population also cloud the country's economic outlook.

China's annual growth slowest in decades

Trade war pushes Asian nations towards recession

Still, even if the rate of growth in China eases to between 5% and 6%, the country will still be the most powerful engine of world economic growth.

"At that pace China will still be 35% of global growth, which is the biggest single contributor of any country, three times more important to global growth than the US," Mr Mann says.

The next economic frontier

China is also carving out a new front in global economic development. The country's next chapter in nation-building is unfolding through a wave of funding in the massive global infrastructure project, the Belt and Road Initiative.

The so-called new Silk Road aims to connect almost half the world's populations and one-fifth of global GDP, setting up trade and investment links that stretch across the world.

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How China became the world's 'economic miracle'

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It took China less than 70 years to emerge from isolation and become one of the world's greatest economic powers. As the country celebrates the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, we look back on how its transformation spread unprecedented wealth - and deepened inequality - across the Asian giant.

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This article is about Australian capital territory (ACT) there has been a come the first jurisdiction in the nation to legalize recreational cannabis use. Stating the amount of grams of the drug that you can possess and how many plants you’re able to grow. This relates to the reading of Brendan O’Regan, that talks about the set up of the world’s first duty free shop at Shannon, allowing transit passengers to buy tax-exempt goods. Capital also disembarks in this part of Ireland, a country that, more than most, has been transformed by flows of capital from other places.

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The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has become the first jurisdiction in the nation to legalise recreational cannabis use.

Lawmakers in the territory passed a landmark bill on Wednesday allowing adults to possess up to 50 grams of the drug and to grow four plants at home.

Personal cannabis use remains prohibited elsewhere in Australia, but medicinal use was legalised in 2016.

The territory's law could be overturned if challenged at a federal level.

Recreational cannabis use is legal in countries including Canada, Spain, Uruguay, and several US states including California.

About 35% of Australians aged over 14 have used the drug in their lifetime, health authorities say.

Cannabis debate: What you need to know

Why a lawmaker admitted to taking MDMA

The family that changed Australia's cannabis debate

The ACT has almost 400,000 residents and comprises the city of Canberra and surrounding areas.

Under its legislation - to come into effect on 31 January - it will remain illegal to sell cannabis and to consume it in public or around children.

Supporters say the law aims to reduce risk and stigma for users of the drug, while opponents argue it could introduce more people to harmful drug-taking.

Because it is not a state, the ACT is more vulnerable to its laws being overturned by the federal government. This happened in 2013, for instance, when its decision to legalise same-sex marriage was reversed.

Lawmakers who sponsored the bill on Wednesday said they were "very confident" that it would not be challenged by federal politicians.

However, they acknowledged that there were additional legal uncertainties.

"This does not entirely remove the risk of people being arrested under [federal] law, and we are being up front with the community about that," Attorney-General Gordon Ramsay said in the ACT Legislative Assembly.

New Zealand is due to hold a referendum next year on whether it should legalise the drug.

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Australia territory first to legalise cannabis use

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The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has become the first jurisdiction in the nation to legalise recreational cannabis use. Lawmakers in the territory passed a landmark bill on Wednesday allowing adults to possess up to 50 grams of the drug and to grow four plants at home.

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This article touches bases on the Powerlist 2020 highlights which is basically the top 100 people with some type of African, Africa-Caribbean and African-American heritage who are considered influential. For example, there is a wide range of different influentials like so: soccer players, make up artists, film producers and more. The first person on the power list 2020 is Ismail Ahmed and he was the founder and chairman of WorldRemit. This is relatable to the topic and readings from week 10 of Migrations and Remittances because it talks about a firm and how it was designed to help migrants send money back to their friends and family.

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Stormzy, Meghan Markle and Raheem Sterling have been named as some of the most powerful black people in the UK.

British Vogue editor Edward Enninful, model Adwoa Aboah and Reggie Yates also feature on the Powerlist 2020.

Ismail Ahmed, who is the boss of money transfer firm WorldRemit, is number one on the list.

The Powerlist highlights 100 people with African, African-Caribbean and African-American heritage who are considered influential.

Other famous names on the list include Idris Elba, Anthony Joshua, Dina Asher-Smith and Naomie Harris.

Ismail Ahmed set up his firm in 2010 using compensation from the UN for exposing alleged corruption.

It is designed to help migrants send money back to their friend and families.

He said: "It is a real privilege and honour to win this award. When I was growing up in Somaliland, I saw how money sent back home by migrants could transform the lives of individuals and entire communities.

"When I came to London to study and started to send money back home, I was frustrated by the inconvenience and cost of transferring money through traditional agents.

He then made it his mission to "find a better way" to make that process as efficient as possible.

A panel chaired by retired High Court judge, Dame Linda Dobbs, selected the Powerlist 2020 - which is in its 13th year.

It is designed to celebrate those at the top of a wide range of industries including business, science, technology and entertainment.

Only the top 10 names are ranked. Meghan Markle was named in the public, third (non-profit) sector and education group but is not listed in the top 10.

The Powerlist 2020 top ten are:

1. Ismail Ahmed - Founder and Chairman WorldRemit

2. Pat McGrath, MBE - Make-up artist and founder Pat McGrath Labs

3. Michael Sherman - Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer, BT

4. Jacky Wright - Chief Digital Officer Microsoft

5. Stormzy - Grime artist

6. Edward Enninful, OBE - Editor-in-Chief British Vogue

7. Ebele Okobi - Public Policy Director, Africa, the Middle East and Turkey

8. Paulette Rowe - Global Head, Payments and Financial Services, Facebook

9. Lynette Yiadom-Boakye - Artist

10. Richard Iferenta - Partner, KPMG

Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 weekdays - or listen back here.

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Who's on the list of the most influential black people?

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Stormzy, Meghan Markle and Raheem Sterling have been named as some of the most powerful black people in the UK. British Vogue editor Edward Enninful, model Adwoa Aboah and Reggie Yates also feature on the Powerlist 2020. Ismail Ahmed, who is the boss of money transfer firm WorldRemit, is number one on the list.

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POST #8 (November 15, 2019)- Remittance/GDP

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POST #8 (November 15, 2019)- Remittance/GDP

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This article talks about migrants working abroad and sending back money and how it’s the biggest and most often overlooked forms of financial aid to poor countries, often greater than foreign aid. The Pew Research group has estimated an annual flow $574bn (£413bn) of such remittances being sent back from migrant workers to their families. Mainly talks specifically behalf Salvadorans and how El Salvador’s economy relies heavily on what we call remittances. El Salvador’s economy is made up of 18% of the countries gross domestic product in 2017. This relates to the readings on Remittances and even passed topics on GDP. This article had very similar topics as the article titled Mexico on week 10 because both articles talked about how the US President Trump’s stance on illegal immigration affected their economy.

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Migrants working abroad and sending back money is one of the biggest and often most overlooked forms of financial aid to poorer countries - often greater than formal overseas aid. The Pew Research group has estimated an annual flow $574bn (£413bn) of such remittances being sent back from migrant workers to their families. Among the biggest recipients - behind countries such as Mexico, the Philippines and Nigeria - is the central American country of El Salvador.
Broken backboards could have meant the end of the basketball season at the National Institute of General Francisco Menendez, a high school in El Salvador,

The school, known by its Spanish acronym Inframen, simply didn't have enough money to fix them.

So the association of former students of the school, mainly living in the US, purchased the new backboards.

These ongoing donations are fuelled by the nostalgia and higher purchasing power of Salvadorans who have migrated, the majority now in the US.

"When we were students, we were able to accomplish more because the teachers supported us.

"Personally, I feel like this is the best way I can give back what the teachers gave to me," said Roberto Pilianni, a 56-year-old Inframen alumni who has lived near San Francisco for 32 years.

"Plus, I'm a Salvadoran at heart who misses my country day after day."

Migrant dollar

More than two million Salvadorans live outside the country, but they continue to keep close ties to their place of birth, sending back more than $4bn (£2.9bn) last year.

El Salvador's economy relies heavily on these remittances, which made up 18% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017.

These remittances can have a positive impact on education in the country.

But there are concerns that the relationship could be more fragile as the Trump administration implements policies that threaten Salvadoran migrants in the US, even those with legal, but not citizen, status.

In September 2019, an estimated 200,000 Salvadorans will lose an immigration status known as temporary protected status (TPS) that has allowed them to work legally in the US since a deadly earthquake hit the country in 2001.

An estimated 20% of remittances to El Salvador come from TPS holders, according to the bond credit rating agency Moody's.

Interior deportations, meaning deportations of people outside border regions who have typically been in the US for years, have increased by 34% under the Trump administration.

Now, immigration activists in El Salvador are reporting that the political climate in the US is driving some Salvadorans to organise their own return.

Morale as well as money

School budgets are already under pressure and the loss of migrant money would mean another financial worry.

"The economic support that our brothers and sisters outside the country give us is huge, just as much in regards to morale as in the economic aspect," said Manuel Hugo Canjura, the director of Inframen.

The group of former students often step in, paying for new uniforms, volleyball nets or basketball hoops or providing small scholarships.

"Considering that Inframen is a school where many students come from low economic backgrounds where there aren't many options for a young student who wants to move forward, I want to give them support and convey the idea that a better future does exist and it can be achieved through education," said Mr Pilianni, who left the school in the 1980s.

His family no longer lives in El Salvador, so he gives back through his support for the school.

El Salvador is one of the most violent countries in the world outside a war zone, with just under 4,000 homicides last year in the small Central American nation the size of Slovenia.

Tackling gang culture

Youth are at high risk of joining gangs in El Salvador, a country of 6.5 million people with 60,000 gang members.

The site of the school is not an epicentre for gang conflict, but students commute from all over the city. Some live in gang-controlled neighbourhoods and staff suspect some students are involved in gangs.

After-school projects can help to reduce criminal activity and drug use.

"When we give them a sport to play, we teach values that they can follow," said basketball coach James Douglas Napoleon.

"This is what I try to instil in them - that they have to study and behave well and all the other values that are so important, especially in this era."

The coach believes that two of the players on the boy's basketball team last year were involved in gangs. He hopes that teaching the students about the game can have a positive impact on them.

"I feel like playing a sport gets rid of all your stress. It also helps us to know ourselves better," said Esmeralda Antillon, a 16-year-old student on the basketball team.

Knocking on doors

Paying for after-school programming is a government responsibility, but the director reports that last year he didn't receive all of the allocated budget.

The association of former students is aware of this reality.

"Yes, this should be the role of the state, but since the state doesn't provide what is necessary, that is where the association looks for an alternative, knocks on doors, and asks for partnerships," said Marvin Velasquez, one of the few members of the past students' association who still lives in El Salvador.

"The help from abroad is huge," said Mr Canjura, the school director. "If it ended, the truth is, I don't know what we would do."

More from Global education

Lessons delivered by boat, truck and taxi

'Counting every school shooting so it never seems normal'

'Guns and survivalists, but no school until I was 17'

Researchers examine the mysteries of falling asleep

Preventing child brides: 'I was 12 when I married a 35-year-old'

US and England pull out of Pisa tests on tolerance

UK university plans to access EU funds after Brexit

The editor of Global education is sean.coughlan@bbc.co.uk

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Family help that's bigger than aid budgets

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Migrants working abroad and sending back money is one of the biggest and often most overlooked forms of financial aid to poorer countries - often greater than formal overseas aid. The Pew Research group has estimated an annual flow $574bn (£413bn) of such remittances being sent back from migrant workers to their families.

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This article is about how unemployment rates have fell to 3.5% in September from 3.7%, with the economy adding 136,000 jobs last month. Now the US employment rate has fallen in a 50- year low possibly easing recession worries after recent week of economic data. The Labor department figures show that the rate to 3.5% in September from 3.7% and that’s with an additional 136,000 jobs last month: article published on October 4, 2019. State how economies are less reliant on manufacturing than in the past. The US is made up of about 12% of the Economy and this connects to the discussion about "how development is measured" because it captures employment/unemployment and how it could possibly create transaction, interest rates, topics that were discussed in class.

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The US unemployment rate has fallen to a 50-year low, possibly easing recession worries after recent weak economic data.

The Labor Department figures showed that the rate fell to 3.5% in September from 3.7%, with the economy adding 136,000 jobs last month.

In addition, August data was revised up to 168,000 jobs created instead of the previously reported 130,000.

However, wage growth was unchanged and manufacturing jobs fell in September.

The report came on the heels of a string of weak economic reports, including a plunge in manufacturing activity to more than a 10-year low in September and a sharp slowdown in services industry growth to levels last seen in 2016.

There are fears that the Trump administration's 15-month trade war with China is spilling over to the rest of the US economy, which has been one of the few bright spots in a world where many other countries are experiencing marked slowdown.

The US-China trade dispute has eroded business confidence, hitting investment and manufacturing.

WTO warns trade wars could hit living standards

Despite the continued moderate employment growth and sharp drop in the jobless rate, many economists still expect the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates at least one more time this year.

The US central bank cut rates in July for the first time since 2008 and cut them again last month. It is trying to keep the longest economic expansion in US history, now in its 11th year, on track.

September's job gains were below the monthly average of 161,000 this year, but still above the roughly 100,000 needed each month to keep up with growth in the working-age population, according to economists.

Manufacturing shed 2,000 jobs last month, the first decline since March, after hiring 2,000 workers in August. The sector is seen as having borne the brunt of the trade wars.

This week, Washington announced tariffs on aircraft, other industrial products and agricultural products from the European Union as part of a dispute over aircraft subsidies given to Boeing's rival Airbus.

What's been worrying the markets?

Shares were hit earlier this week by some disappointing economic surveys.

While the manufacturing sector has been the weak point of the US economy, the services sector had been performing more strongly.

"You've had this dichotomy, manufacturing extremely weak, service sector holding up and looking fairly resilient," said Neil Shearing, group chief economist at Capital Economics.

However, he said that on Wednesday, the non-manufacturing purchasing managers' index - which tests the mood of businesses - showed its slowest rate of growth for three years.

"The key question has been, OK, manufacturing's weak but so long as the service sector holds up and continues to be resilient, the US economy can avoid recession," Mr Shearing said.

Jim Reid, a strategist at Deutsche Bank in London, said that the US has been the "bright spot in a pretty moribund" western world, growing at about 2% to 2.5% a year, while Europe slips towards 0.5% or even 0% growth.

It is just a US problem?

Mr Shearing said that the manufacturing sector is weak globally.

"The essence of the issue is that since May this year, the manufacturing data both in the US and globally has been pretty horrific," he said.

But economies are less reliant on manufacturing than in the past. In the US, for instance, it makes up about 12% of the economy.

"We tend to think of the economy being about making things, but actually in the modern era it's more about services - health, retail, leisure," he said.

Why does the American economy matter?

The US is still the world's biggest economy - despite the growth of China - and if it slows down the rest of the world can be expected to do so too. It is almost impossible to have a US recession without the rest of world suffering too.

Mr Shearing said it is not just about its size. "It's the consumer of last resort," he said, describing the US trade deficit which President Donald Trump has complained about.

"What the trade deficit is telling you is that the US consumes more than it produces," he said. "If it slows, there's repercussions".

What does it mean for US interest rates?

Federal Reserve chairman Jay Powell has been under pressure from President Trump to cut rates.

Last month, the Fed cut rates for the second time this year, lowering its key target rate by 25 basis points to between 1.75% and 2%. The markets are expecting another cut before the end of the year.

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The US unemployment rate has fallen to a 50-year low, possibly easing recession worries after recent weak economic data. The Labor Department figures showed that the rate fell to 3.5% in September from 3.7%, with the economy adding 136,000 jobs last month.

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Post #1 (October 1, 2019- Globalization 

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Post #1 (October 1, 2019- Globalization 

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This article talks about how the UK economy and how it was expected to avoid a recession after showing better than expected growth in three months to the end of August: article published on October 19, 2019. It shows a chart of the UK’s GDP; the economy growth within the three months and it’s majority of growths and fall backs. This is relatable to the video of Nitsan Chorev, Remarking U.S. Trade Policy: From Protectionism to Globalization that we watched in class because she states that the future is to be determined form the "political struggles" therefore that is how globalization is balanced.

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The UK's economy is expected to avoid a recession after showing better-than-expected growth in the three months to the end of August.

The Office for National Statistics said the economy would now have to shrink sharply in September for the third quarter to show an overall contraction.

In three months, the economy grew by 0.3% as weak manufacturing was offset by buoyant TV and film production.

Even so, the economy unexpectedly shrank in the month of August by 0.1%.

Why the talk about a recession?

The growth figures are being watched closely for signs of recession - defined as two consecutive quarters of contraction - after the economy shrank in the second quarter for the first time since 2012.

The next quarter runs until the end of September so the August data is the second month in the third quarter.

Although the economy contracted in August, the ONS revised up its forecast for growth in July from 0.3% to 0.4%.

Andrew Wishart, UK economist at Capital Economics, said that this revision meant "fears that the economy is already in recession have been banished".

The ONS said the economy would now have to contract by 1.5% in September alone for the UK to slide in to recession.

What happened in the latest three months?

The ONS uses the monthly data to compile a rolling three-month picture of GDP.

It said that in the first half of 2019 the data had been volatile because of preparations for the original Brexit date in March, which had sparked some stockpiling.

Rob Kent-Smith, head of GDP at the ONS, said: "Growth increased in the latest three months, despite a weak performance across manufacturing, with TV and film production helping to boost the services sector.

"Services provided [the] majority of the growth over the three months, with production and manufacturing falling back," he said.

Over the three months the services sector - which makes up roughly 80% of GDP - grew by 0.4%, following a period of largely flat growth in the previous three months.

The ONS said the production sector fell by 0.4% in the same period, while construction output grew by 0.1%.

So why did the economy shrink in August?

For August, economists had been expecting zero growth.

But the ONS data showed it contracted, dragged lower by a drop in manufacturing when car production was subdued.

Only the construction sector expanded during the month, said Chris Williamson, chief business economist at IHS Markit.

Manufacturing contracted by 0.7% while the all-important services sector failed to grow.

He described the August data as "disappointing".

Did The Crown save the UK from recession?

TV and film production - such as filming of The Crown - enabled GDP to grow by 0.3% in the three months to August, more than compensating for activity languishing across the board in that month alone.

But that is not sufficient reason to cheer.

As the Bank of England has highlighted, growth has lost momentum over the past year and the economy is limping rather than flying.

Part of this is undoubtedly Brexit related - with business investment suffering amidst the prolonged uncertainty. A failure of firms to spend on factories and machines will have long-reaching implications. This is one reason why economists are pulling down their forecasts for next year too.

But it is also unhelpful that growth in some of our biggest trading partners, such as Germany, has run into problems. The bright spot remains job creation - but that too could falter.

This sluggishness ignited a mood shift among policymakers. Even those members of the Bank's interest rate panel who previously favoured a rise in the cost of borrowing now think their next move could be a cut - deal or no deal.

The question for them, grappling with as much uncertainty as the rest of us, is when.

What does it mean for the future?

The data sparked some economists to revise up their expectations for the third quarter.

Mr Wishart said the the economy could grow by 0.4% in the third quarter, more than he had originally expected.

However, John Hawksworth, chief economist at PwC, said that while the data "has put to bed fears of the UK economy falling into recession in the third quarter of 2019", he was cautious about the future.

He said there could be "problems ahead in the fourth quarter as heightened Brexit-related uncertainty takes a toll on both business investment and consumer confidence."

Uncertainty about Brexit was also mentioned by Mr Williamson. who expects the UK to expand by 1% in 2019 but by just 0.5% in 2020.

"These growth projections assume a Brexit delay beyond 31st October and that the UK and EU will eventually achieve a comprehensive agreement on future relations. However, a no-deal Brexit would likely throw the UK into a prolonged recession," he said.

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UK set to avoid recession despite poor August

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The UK's economy is expected to avoid a recession after showing better-than-expected growth in the three months to the end of August. The Office for National Statistics said the economy would now have to shrink sharply in September for the third quarter to show an overall contraction.

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POST #4 (October 14, 2019)- Growth & Development 

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POST #4 (October 14, 2019)- Growth & Development 

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This article touches on student loans. States changes that are being put under consideration. For example, graduates that have the highest earnings would still pay the most but would pay less than they do under the current system. Therefore, the middle-earning graduates would make higher contributions each year and more of them would pay off their debt in full. Where as low-earning graduates would still not pay anything if they did not earn above the threshold, although the threshold would be lower. This is relatable to the reading on Debt, because it states the idea of loan cancelation to benefit poor countries that have grown so large that they cannot afford to service the debt and invest in growth like so these students with loan dept.

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A government-commissioned review of funding for over-18 education has come out with its recommendations.

There has been much discussion of whether the changes are progressive (better for lower earners) or regressive (better for higher earners).

The key proposals for higher education are:

reducing the maximum annual fees that universities can charge - from £9,250 a year to £7,500

instead of any unpaid loans being cancelled 30 years after graduation, deductions would continue for 40 years

reducing the amount graduates can earn before they have to start repaying - from £25,725 a year to £23,000

reintroducing maintenance grants for poorer students.

At first glance, you may think lowering fees would be good for all students - but that is not true because so few of them are expected to pay off their loans in full.

The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) estimates that only 38% of the money and interest will be repaid, while the Sutton Trust estimates that 81% of students will not pay off their loans in full.

And if you are a middle earner who would not have paid off your loan in full under the old system, making you pay for an extra 10 years and making you pay more each year is probably going to cost you more than you are going to save from paying lower annual fees.

To its credit, the review has gone into considerable detail of the impact of the changes. It says:

The highest earners would still pay the most but would pay less than they do under the current system

Middle-earning graduates would make higher contributions each year and more of them would pay off their debt in full

Low-earning graduates would still not pay anything if they did not earn above the threshold, although the threshold would be lower

So while the new system would still be progressive overall, it would be less progressive than the old system and it would be reasonable to describe the changes as regressive.

Example students

The review also looked at the impact of the proposed changes on the lifetime repayments of six example students with different earnings.

So if you imagine looking at all the graduates who have borrowed money in order of their annual earnings, the first example is 10% of the way along, the second is 25% of the way along et cetera.

So, the lowest earners are on the left of the chart and the highest are on the right.

Again, it is clear that the changes are regressive.

The lowest earner on the chart would not have earned enough to start making repayments under the old system and would not do so under the new system either.

The next student along, who is at the 25th percentile, would also not have made any payments at all under the old system and would make only very small repayments under the new one because of the lower threshold.

It is the middle earner who would really being hit by the new system, with estimated lifetime payments rising from £14,844 to £26,667, as a result of the lower payment threshold and having to pay for an extra 10 years.

All of the higher earners would find themselves better off under the proposed system as a result of the lower annual fees and paying their loans off faster as a result of the lower threshold, which means they pay less interest overall.

They may also benefit from a proposed cap that limits the amount of interest that may be paid by preventing anyone paying more than 1.2 times their original borrowing after adjusting for inflation.

Having a maintenance grant rather than a loan is a progressive move under the proposed changes, although it is based on the student's family income at the point when they are considering going to university.

As such, it is harder to consider alongside the rest of the system, which considers progressiveness based on earnings after the student graduates.

So if a student from a poor background goes on to be a low earner, having a grant rather than a loan would not have made a financial difference because they would not have made any repayments anyway.
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Would the proposed student finance changes help poorer students?

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A government-commissioned review of funding for over-18 education has come out with its recommendations. There has been much discussion of whether the changes are progressive (better for lower earners) or regressive (better for higher earners).