# data[].attributes.body
Bottle up
Control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires or behaviours

Docile adj.
Easily led or managed

Rile v.
To make agitated and angry

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Why Australian retailers should respect the past and rename their ‘Black Friday’ sales

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Why Australian retailers should respect the past and rename their ‘Black Friday’ sales

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1. Testimony – spoken and written statements that something is true, especially those given in a law court (n.) - “give testimony / eloquent testimony”
2. Lamented – to express sadness and feeling sorry about sth. (V.)
3. Commemorate – to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event. (V.) – “commemorate anniversary”
4. Ecology – the relationship between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc

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Australians familiar with "Black Friday" sales might associate them with images of Americans clambering over each other to battle for iPhones and TVs. Yet this term - used here by companies such as Amazon, Kogan, Bonds, and The Good Guys to promote their sales - is inappropriate for Australia given its association with devastating bushfires.

Traditionally the Friday after the Thanksgiving holiday, "Black Friday" is known in the United States as a commercial bonanza where shoppers can gain large discounts. The term, it seems, was invented in the 1960s by Philadelphian police to wryly describe the traffic chaos caused by hordes of post-Thanksgiving shoppers. It became widespread from the 1980s onwards.

Australians shopping online have taken advantage of US-based Black Friday sales for years. But since the 2017 launch here of American retail giant Amazon, other local brands have followed its lead in advertising Black Friday sales. They are doing so this week, with "Black Friday" this year falling on November 23.

But in Australia, the term Black Friday has a very different history. The 1939 Black Friday bushfires in Victoria were Australia's worst environmental disaster at the time. Seventy one people were killed and over 1,000 houses were destroyed on January 13, 1939, by fires driven by extreme winds and severe drought.

In the wake of the bushfires, the Victorian government created a Royal Commission led by Judge Leonard Stretton, which collected over 2,500 pages of testimony.

At just 34 pages long and rich with beautiful language, for many years it was required reading for Victorian school students, helping Australians to understand the calamity. Indeed, in 2003, then Victorian Premier Steve Bracks took the report home for his weekend reading, seeking a frame of reference to explain his state's 2002-3 bushfire season.

State Library Victoria.

In a particularly apt passage, Judge Stretton lamented the lack of environmental knowledge of the victims. These words chill my spine every time I read them:

Men who had lived their lives in the bush went their ways in the shadow of dread expectancy. But though they felt the imminence of danger they could not tell that it was to be far greater than they could imagine. They had not lived long enough. The experience of the past could not guide them to an understanding of what might, and did, happen.

Despite Stretton's eloquence and the policy changes that followed 1939, Australia has continued to experience bushfire disasters. The 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in particular affected many of the same areas and were described by environmental historian Tom Griffiths as "a recurrent nightmare ... 1939 all over again".

Many of the victims of Black Saturday had no personal memory of 1939, and had not taken steps to prepare for bushfires, by building the shelter bunkers or dugouts that were once common in these regions. The eucalyptus regnans mountain ash ecosystems and "fire flume" climate dynamics of this region mean that it will blaze again.

State Library of Victoria

I'm not suggesting here that Australian businesses should avoid competing in a global shopping bonanza - but I would like to constructively suggest an alternative name for their sales.

As with many so-called "historical traditions" that actually have a very recent origin, the "Black Friday" name was itself largely a construction of the media. While Philadelphia police coined the term, it was spread by local journalists and eventually adopted by national television stations.

Given this, and the fact that many of these sales increasingly run for longer than 24 hours, it does not seem too radical to suggest an alternative Australian name.

My own suggestions are "Big Friday" (the name originally preferred by Philadelphians), "Friday Frenzy" or even the " Holey Dollar Holiday ". I would be interested to hear ideas from others.

More than simply changing the name of a sale, this is an opportunity for us to reflect upon the slow Americanisation of Australian culture. It also raises questions about how we as a society can best commemorate and remember past disasters so as to avoid future ones.

Next year will be the 80th anniversary of Black Friday and the 10th anniversary of Black Saturday. Memories and local histories can guide us to prepare for future disasters, but the rhythms of fire ecology can run longer than human generations.

With more Australians building houses in bushfire-prone areas and climate change predicted to modify the climatic drivers of fire, Australians need to learn to live with fire. This can even involve re-learning about fire. This process must include studying environmental histories - and protecting the legacies of past disasters.

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Why Australian retailers should respect the past and rename their 'Black Friday' sales

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Australians familiar with "Black Friday" sales might associate them with images of Americans clambering over each other to battle for iPhones and TVs. Yet this term - used here by companies such as Amazon, Kogan, Bonds, and The Good Guys to promote their sales - is inappropriate for Australia given its association with devastating bushfires.

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In part
To some degree

Superannuation n.
A monthly payment made to someone who is retired from work

Deferral n.
Act of putting off to a future time

Lock out
Prevent employees from working during a strike

Peg v.
To identify someone or something

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sth is  in stark contrast to sth

Huge different

Variation

Considerable variation

Regional variation

Diversity

Cultural diversity

Fairly

A moderately high degree

general Australian speech is fairly homogenous compared to the United  Kingdom

a country of great distances

Big country

Isolation

in isolation from

without relation to other people or things

environmental problems must not be seen in isolation from social ones.

immerse

1.dip or submerge in a liquid

2.immerse oneself or be immersed: involve oneself deeply in a particular activity

she immersed herself in her work | she was still immersed in her thoughts.

Stereotypical 刻板印象的 adj.

single out

Pick up sth specially

Is it really as important an issue as climate change, the economy, or education? We believe it is,

social integration

Forthcoming

About to happen or appear

Inner-city dwellers

People live in modern city

=  resident

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humdrum：not interesting

venture： companies enterprise/ explore

venue：area place where something happens

sorely：very

prevail： follow fashion prevalence

insides of humanbody  instictive  abdomen a beer gut

abdominal diarrhoea excrete

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Surveillance n.
Close observation of a person or group

Reprisal n.
A retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime

Flammable adj.
Easily ignited

Augmented adj.
Added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

Roll out
To introduce a new product especially for widespread sale to the public

Harness v.
Utilize

Proactive adj.
Acting in anticipation of future problems, needs or changes

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Consensus n.

An opinion that all members of a group agree with

Eg: Our group has a general consensus about climate change.

Revive v.

Eg:After the war, the country should firstly revive its economy.

# data[].attributes.body
shelter v.
Protect or shield from something harmful especially bad weather.

Hazard n.
A danger or a risk.

Sheds n.
A simple roofed structure used for garden storage or shelter animals.

Rival v.
Be or seem to be equal or comparable to

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1.retrofitting:v:To retrofit a machine or a building means to put new parts or new equipment in it after it has been in use for          some time, especially to improve its safety or make it work better.
2. Mega:ADV （置于形容词和副词前，表示强调）
Young people sometimes use mega in front of adjectives or adverbs in order to emphasize them.
ADJ (用于名词前)特别好的，异常巨大的，非常重要的
Young people sometimes use mega in front of nouns in order to emphasize that the thing they are talking about is very good, very large, or very impressive.
3.illicite -ADV. illegal
4.monetary -ADJ （尤指一国）货币的，金融的
Monetary means relating to money, especially the total amount of money in a country.
5. fallacy N-VAR 谬论;谬见
A fallacy is an idea which many people believe to be true, but which is in fact false because it is based on incorrect information or reasoning.
6. Penetration: -VERB 渗入；进入；穿过；穿透
If something or someone penetrates a physical object or an area, they succeed in getting into it or passing through it.
- VERB 了解；洞察；领悟
If you penetrate something that is difficult to understand, you succeed in understanding it.
7. relinquished-VERB 放弃，出让(权力或控制)
If you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.
8. ameliorate-VERB 改善；使变好；减轻
If someone or something ameliorates a situation, they make it better or easier in some way.
9. analogues-N-COUNT 相似物；类似物
If one thing is an analogue of another, it is similar in some way.
-ADJ （技术）模拟的
Analogue technology involves measuring, storing, or recording an infinitely variable amount of information by using physical quantities such as voltage.

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1.tumultuous – very loud, or full of confusion, change or uncertainty. (adj.)

“tumultuous periods”

2.Sophistication – the quality of being sophisticated. (noun: countable)

“sophistication of ···”

3.aquaculture – the raising of water animals such as fish for food, or growing of plants in water for food.

“an aquaculture system”

4.induct – to introduce someone formally or with a special ceremony. (verb)

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Blak Design Matters is the first exhibition in Australia specifically dedicated to contemporary Indigenous design. Its curator, architect and academic Jefa Greenaway, describes the show as a snapshot that "takes the pulse of what's happening now".

Indigenous art is well known but the Blak Design Matters exhibition prompts one to think about other iconic Indigenous expressions of "design" throughout our history. Separating art from design is not always clear cut, especially when you consider people like William Barak and Tommy McRae - arguably communication designers of their time. Both used art to bridge culture and facilitate understanding during a highly tumultuous period for Indigenous people.

I believe we need to find better ways to acknowledge the Indigenous design excellence that has long existed in the home of the world's oldest, continuous living cultures. We should celebrate the engineering genius of the Boomerang and sophistication of the Budj Bim aquaculture systems in south-western Victoria, which predate the Egyptian pyramids.

Read more: The detective work behind the Budj Bim eel traps World Heritage bid

In 2015, David Unaipon (Ngarrindjeri), a prolific and talented industrial designer, was inducted posthumously into the Design Institute of Australia Hall of Fame. Ironically, he had died in 1967, the year Indigenous people were finally recognised in the constitution. Unaipon, who features on our $50 note, registered over 19 provisional patents inventions during his life including the mechanical shearing clippers. In 1929, he wrote: "As a full-blooded member of my race I think I may claim to be the first, but I hope not the last, to produce an enduring record of our customs, beliefs and imaginings".

Culturally oriented, Indigenous-owned businesses including design companies are now on the rise. We still have a long way to go but here is my (subjective) list of iconic Indigenous designs. These designs are informed by the times in which they were created - yet they resonate across cultures as an enduring record of "Indigenous customs, beliefs and imaginings".

Aboriginal Flag, 1971

Designed by Harold Thomas, a Luritja man of Central Australia, the flag was first flown on National Aboriginal Day in Adelaide in 1971. It has had an impact like no other contemporary Indigenous design. Thomas created the flag as rallying symbol of race and identity. The black represents the Aboriginal people, the red the earth - a connection to land - and the yellow, the sun, giver of life. The flag has become a symbol for change, displayed at protest marches, on banners and posters. In 1998, I met Thomas and asked him if he thought the Aboriginal Flag would eventually become Australia's. His answer was no! He wanted it to remain an activist flag, as originally intended.

Cycle of Life opera cape, 1987

This full-length opera cape with a hood of hand-painted, cotton drill was designed by Bronwyn Bancroft, a Bunjulung woman, and is now part of Sydney's Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences collection. A wearable work of art, it represents the journey through life of an Indigenous man and woman. Designed specifically for a parade at the Paris department store Au Printemps in 1987, the interest this cape generated helped blaze a trail for the current crop of Indigenous fashion designers.

ATSIC logo, 1990

The logo for the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission was designed by Clive Atkinson, a Yorta Yorta and Dja Dja Wurrung man from Echuca, who describes himself as the first Australian Aboriginal man to own and operate a graphic design/advertising company. The logo was commissioned by the then Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, with the brief for it coming from Lois/Lowitja O'Donoghue, inaugural ATSIC chairperson. O'Donoghue wanted a statement of coming together. Atkinson based the logo design on a traditional meeting place symbol, which is familiar to many communities across Australia.

Marcus Lee Design logo (symbol element), 1996

Designed by Marcus Lee, a Karajarri man, originally from Darwin, the hand in this logo references Northern Territory Aboriginal rock art. The eye makes a connection between heart and hand as the so-called window to the soul. As Leonardo da Vinci said, "Where the spirit does not work with the hand there is no art". Marcus Lee is a highly respected Indigenous designer who has created many powerful, culturally-themed designs including the NAIDOC week and Supply Nation logos.

Girrawaa Creative Work Centre, Bathurst Jail, 1998

The brief for this centre was to create an arts and culture facility inspired by the goanna, a totem for many people in the Bathurst area. This was a new approach for correctional facilities at the time. It was designed by architects Dillon Kombumerri, a Yugembir man, and Kevin O'Brien, a Kaurereg and Meriam man, and interior designer Alison Page, a Walbanga and Wadi Wadi woman. The naming and conceptual direction for the building was determined by the prison's Indigenous inmates, and this cultural consultation was key to the project's success. "Girrawaa" means "goanna" in the Wiradjuri language.

Qantas, Wunala Dreaming, 1993

Balarinji Designs' Wunala Dreaming was a confident, Indigenous-led statement that proudly celebrated Australia's rich, pre-colonial culture. "We wanted to challenge existing approaches to Australian visual identity, which looked largely to Europe and America for inspiration, and which failed, in our view, to harness the unique heartbeat of Australia," its designers, Ros and John Moriarty (Yanyuwa), said in 2014. A Boeing 747 was overlaid with Aboriginal-inspired designs evoking the colours of the bush, the wetlands and the reds of Uluru. Originally planned as a three-month promotion, Wunala Dreaming became the world's most photographed aircraft and would fly for 17 years.

Murri Totems environmental sculptures, 2012

Located at La Trobe University's Institute of Molecular Science, these poles were designed by Reko Rennie, a Kamilaroi man. Rennie is unique in the way he combines expressions of Indigenous culture with contemporary design sensibilities.

G20 Summit Brisbane logo, 2014

This logo was created by Gilimbaa Creative Agency, co-founded by David Williams, a Wakka Wakka man, and Amanda Lear. Australia's largest Indigenous-owned, communication design company, it attracts high profile clients from both the private and public sectors. Partly inspired by Torres Strait Islander weaving techniques, the G20 logo also features a rainbow serpent. It is a great example of how diverse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures can project a unified identity internationally.

Marlu Chair, 2015

The Marlu chair and other designs by Nicole Monks, a Wajarri and Yamatji woman from Sydney, are setting a new direction for Australian design, which intelligently combines modernist and traditional inspirations and aesthetics. "Marlu", meaning kangaroo, was inspired by a trip back on Country to visit her 93-year-old "Auntie" Dora and reminiscing about Nicole's great-grandmother's renowned kangaroo tail stew. I love the heartfelt motivation and inspiration behind this piece.

Ngarara Place, RMIT University, Melbourne, 2016

Designed by Jefa Greenaway, a Wailwan and Kamilaroi man from Melbourne, the award-winning Ngarara Place is widely acknowledged as a groundbreaking design. It is unique in that this space, located in the heart of Melbourne, was created, designed and built by a predominantly Indigenous team.

Themed on the seven seasons of the Kulin Nations, this courtyard is a perfect setting for ceremonial gatherings in the centre of one of Australia's largest cities.

Also worth a mention are two highly-talented Melbourne designers whose work appears in Blak Design Matters: 23-year-old Lyn-Al Young, a Gunnai, Wiradjuri, Gunditjmarra and Yorta Yorta woman and Maree Clarke a Mutti, Wamba Wamba, Yorta Yorta and Boon Wurrung woman. Clarke's jewellery design (Thung-ung Coorang) combines customary organic materials with 3D printed forms modelled from kangaroo teeth (gold plated), echidna quills and crow feathers. I also like the way the LYN-AL fashion brand crosses cultures while maintaining its historical integrity. Her "wearable art" - a contemporary interpretation of traditional culture - resonates with Indigenous youth and in doing so, keeps customs, beliefs and imaginings alive.
Blak Design Matters runs from Saturday July 21 to Sunday September 30, 2018 at the Koorie Heritage Trust, Federation Square, at Melbourne.

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From the Budj Bim acquaculture system to the Aboriginal flag, Australia has a long history of Indigenous design excellence. Here is our pick of 10 contemporary design classics.

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Australia’s hidden opportunity to cut carbon emissions, and make money in the process

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Australia’s hidden opportunity to cut carbon emissions, and make money in the process

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1.trap - catch (an animal) in a trap. (verb)

“Hunter usually use a trap to trap some animals.”

2.sequester - to separate and store a harmful substance such as carbon dioxide in a way that keeps it safe. （verb）

“Green plants sequester carbon dioxide and gives off oxygen.”

3.particle - an extremely small piece of something. (noun: countable)

“There are many plastic particles in the sea.”

4.tropical - extremely hot. (adjective)

“Many wild animals live in tropical rainforest.”

5.dredge- to pull up a lot of sand or other things from the bottom of an area of water. (verb)

“governments have to dredge the canal regularly to keep it open.”

6. resilience - the quality of being able to return quickly to a previous good condition after problems. (noun)

“The resilience of the economy has come as a surprise after the second world war.”

7. sediment - a soft substance that is like a wet powder and consists of very small pieces of a solid material that have fallen to the bottom of a liquid. (noun: countable)

“There are many white sediments in the bottom of the bottle.”

8.tide - the rise and fall of the sea that happens twice every day. (noun: countable)

“We can only see the beach when the tide is out.”

9.mitigate - to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad. (verb)

“It is difficult for developing country to mitigate the destroy to environment.”

10.go a long way to – something is great help to something else.(phrase)

“preserving and restoring blue carbon could go a long way to meeting Paris climate goals.”

11.supercharged – very fast or energetic (adjective)

“The economy has expanded at a supercharged pace.”

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It's no secret that cutting down trees is a main driver of climate change. But a forgotten group of plants is critically important to fixing our climate - and they are being destroyed at an alarming rate.

Mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrasses along Australia's coasts store huge amounts of greenhouse gases, known as blue carbon.

Our research, published in Nature Communications, shows that in Australia these ecosystems absorb 20 million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. That's about the same as 4 million cars.

Read more: Rising seas allow coastal wetlands to store more carbon

Worryingly, the research shows that between 2 million and 3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide is released each year by the same ecosystems, due to damage from human activity, severe weather and climate change.

This research represents the world's most comprehensive audit of any nation's blue carbon. Around 10% of such ecosystems are located in Australia - so preserving and restoring them could go a long way to meeting our Paris climate goals.

Megan Young/AAP

Super-charged carbon dioxide capture

Blue carbon ecosystems are vital in curbing greenhouse gas emissions. They account for 50% of carbon dioxide sequestered by oceans - despite covering just 0.2% of the world's total ocean area - and absorb carbon dioxide up to 40 times faster than forests on land.

They do this by trapping particles from water and storing them in the soil. This means tidal marsh, mangrove and seagrass ecosystems bury organic carbon at an exceptionally high rate.

Globally, blue carbon ecosystems are being lost twice as fast as tropical rainforests despite covering a fraction of the area.

Since European settlement, about 25,000km² of tidal marsh and mangroves and 32,000km² of seagrass have been destroyed - up to half the original extent. Coastal development in Australia is causing further losses each year.

When these ecosystems are damaged - through storms, heatwaves, dredging or other human development - the carbon stored in biomass and soils can make its way back into the environment as carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change.

In Western Australia in the summer of 2010-11, about 1,000km² of seagrass meadows at Shark Bay were lost due to a marine heatwave. Similarly, two cyclones and several other impacts devastated a 400km stretch of mangroves in the Gulf of Carpentaria in recent years.

Brian Cassey/AAP

Such losses likely increase carbon dioxide emissions from land-use change in Australia by 12-21% per year.

Aside from the emissions reduction benefits, conserving and restoring blue carbon ecosystems would also increase the resilience of coasts to rising sea level and storm surge associated with climate change, and preserve habitats and nurseries for marine life.

How we measured blue carbon - and why

The project was part of a collaboration with CSIRO and included 44 researchers from 33 research institutions around the world.

To accurately quantify Australia's blue carbon stocks, we divided Australia into five different climate zones. Variations in temperature, rainfall, tides, sediments and nutrients mean plant productivity and biomass varies across regions. So ecosystems in a tropical climate such as North Queensland store carbon dioxide at a different rate to those in temperate climates such as southeastern Australia.

Read more: UN climate change report: land clearing and farming contribute a third of the world's greenhouse gases

We estimated carbon dioxide stored in the vegetation above ground and soils below for each climate area. We measured the size and distribution of vegetation and took soil core samples to create the most accurate measurements possible.

Blue carbon must be assessed on a national scale before policies to preserve them can be developed. These policies might involve replanting seagrass meadows, reintroducing tidal flow to restore mangroves or preventing potential losses caused by coastal development.

James Cook University

There's a dollar to be made

Based on a carbon price of A$14 per tonne - the most recent price under the federal government's Emissions Reduction Fund - blue carbon projects could be worth tens of millions of dollars per year in carbon credits. Our comprehensive measurements provide greater certainty of expected returns for financiers looking at investing in such projects.

Restoring just 10% of blue carbon ecosystems lost in Australia since European settlement could generate more than US$11 million per year in carbon credits. Conserving such ecosystems under threat could be worth between US$22 million and US$31 million per year.

Read more: A landmark report confirms Australia is girt by hotter, higher seas. But there's still time to act

Blue carbon projects cannot currently be counted towards Australia's Paris targets, but federal environment authorities are developing a methodology for their inclusion. The reintroduction of tidal flow to restore mangrove and tidal marsh ecosystems has been identified as the most promising potential activity.

Other activities being explored include planning for sea level rise to allow mangrove and tidal marsh to migrate inland, and avoiding the clearing of seagrass and mangroves.

There are still questions to be answered about exactly how blue carbon can be used to mitigate climate change. But our research shows the massive potential in Australia, and allows other countries to use the work for their own blue carbon assessments.

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Australia's hidden opportunity to cut carbon emissions, and make money in the process

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It's no secret that cutting down trees is a main driver of climate change. But a forgotten group of plants is critically important to fixing our climate - and they are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrasses along Australia's coasts store huge amounts of greenhouse gases, known as blue carbon.

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- Before every Tuesday, you will need to have read at least one article.
- Complete the worksheet and share your article(s) using the information you have written.
- Under the "Identifying & Analyzing unknown words" tab, include your groups' key vocabulary. *The vocabulary must be unfamiliar/new to everyone in your group.
- The more vocabulary you collect, the greater the prospects are of winning the prize (Wk5 / Wk10)
- You MUST write your vocabulary the same way as the example given: new word in bold - a concise definition (word form) "An original example sentence, not plagiarized"
Without all 3 parts, you will not get a mark for that word.
- the more you read, the more vocabulary you will gain. The harder/academic the reading material is, the more vocabulary you will gain.
- You could also share your reading texts with others in the class by uploading the links under your team name.

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e.g. Abdomen - the part of the body that contains the digestive and reproductive system (noun: countable)
"She kicked him in abdomen causing internal bleeding"

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Unit 1 Preservation / Conservation
https://theconversation.com/hooray-were-digital-natives-so-who-preserves-our-culture-9693
https://theconversation.com/australias-hidden-opportunity-to-cut-carbon-emissions-and-make-money-in-the-process-124095

Unit 2 Design / Advertising
https://theconversation.com/ten-classics-of-indigenous-design-99672
https://theconversation.com/yes-google-has-a-new-logo-but-why-46976

Unit 3 Privacy
https://theconversation.com/you-may-be-sick-of-worrying-about-online-privacy-but-surveillance-apathy-is-also-a-problem-86474
https://theconversation.com/action-on-cyberbullying-token-gesture-or-the-way-forward-34969

Unit 4: Business
https://theconversation.com/a-decade-after-the-invention-of-the-smartphone-were-about-to-find-out-how-we-use-our-time-107195
https://theconversation.com/the-battle-to-be-the-amazon-or-netflix-of-transport-103351
https://theconversation.com/why-australian-retailers-should-respect-the-past-and-rename-their-black-friday-sales-107015

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MANNERS