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Reference list:

Benzu, J 2012, Architecture where... form follows function, Architecture Student Chronicles, viewed 24 September 2019, http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/architecture-form-follows-function/

Craven, J 2019, The Meaning of “Form Follows Function”, ThoughtCo., viewed 24 September   2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/form-follows-function-177237

Cruz, C 2012, Wright’s Organic Architecture: from “Form Follows Function” to “Form and Function as One”, p 27.

Ducharme, F 2019, Our lady of Pillar Church better knowns as Santa Cruz Church Manila, Historic Old Philippines, viewed 25 September 2019, https://www.slideshare.net/senorfrog/santa-cruz-church-manila

Edera, E 2019, Santa Cruz Church Damaged by Good Friday fire, viewed on 25 September         2019, https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/04/20/sta-cruz-church-damaged-by-good-friday-fire/

Funtecha, H 2008, The Plaza as Historical and Cultural space, The news today: BRIDGING THE GAP, viewed on 25 September 2019,             http://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/10/24/the.plaza.as.a.historical.and.cultural.space.html

Noche, M & Leynes, M 2019, CHAPTER 4 ARCHITECTURE, pp 1 & 10, University of Asia and the Pacific.

Ratzinger,  J 2000, The Spirit Of the Liturgy: Part 2: The significance of the Church building, Ignatius Press; First American edition, United State of America.

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It was evident in the Philippines that Plazas were made by the influence of Spanish colonization to bring the natives closer to Catholicism. According to Funtecha: “Plaza consisted of an open space, usually rectangular or square in shape, a chapel or church, a convent, a municipio or tribunal, a market place, a cemetery, and the residences around it.” (Funtecha, 2008). Santa Cruz Manila Church was made as a part of Plaza complex of Santa Cruz Manila. Since it was established by the religious order of Roman Catholic during Spanish period. The essential practical use of Santa Cruz Manila Church is to gather Catholics for the liturgy and involvement in God’s life. Likewise according to Ratzinger: “Christian community needs a place to meet, and on that basis they define that the purpose of church buildings in a non-sacral, strictly functional sense” (Ratzinger, 2000). Basically, churches were made for the benefits of believers of Jesus Christ. Christians are gathering together in one sacred building to share and commemorate in Christ life events.  We could interpret that the church is based from the Spanish design of Baroque. Baroque originated from Europe and it is a highly ornate and extravagant style of architecture. The Philippines having such means that our culture was inspired from Spanish colonization and that lead to a change of form for our style of structure. If we were to compare the church's form to a European one, we could see similarities from Our Lady of the Pillar Church.

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INTERIOR DESIGN: As you gaze inside the church you will see how vast the area is. Beneath the ground stand the pews row by row as it leads to the altars. The church is able to house hundreds of people making it an ideal place for mass or events such as weddings. The ceiling roofs over as a semicircular shape throughout the church. These are support by columns that are able to give foundation for the church. The church have many statues of our Saints. There are ample space from the floor towards the ceiling. The Celtic-like windows are located on the upper portion of the floor. This keeps the church well lit during the day. Come night, there are enough lights to illuminate the dark.

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EXTERIOR DESIGN:

Ducharme (2019) described the exterior design of Santa Cruz Church Manila, that it was constructed facing Plaza Santa Cruz and next to to the Friendship Arch marking the passageway to Manila’s town. The Plaza has its beautiful fountain called the Carriedo Fountain. Our Lady of the Pillar Church façade was a Baroque style with Ionic piers vertically or  four columns dividing the first two levels in three parts. Three semicircular arch doorways form as main entrance to the church. A Celtic-like window flanked by small semicircular windows is found at the center of the second level. Forming as the pediment is the triangular shape placed in the topmost level has its “raking cornice in undulating liens emanating from the broken pediment found above the statued niche.” The domed bell tower rises on the right in six levels. As per Edera (2019), the church was damaged twice by earthquakes and during the Battle of Manila. It was then reconstructed in 1957, reflecting the Spanish baroque style.

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Santa Cruz Manila also known as Our Lady of Pillar Church is one of the oldest church in Manila, Philippines, which was established by the Jesuits in 1619. Its Architectural style was Baroque located in Plaza Santa Cruz, Manila (Ducharme, 2019).

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II. Form follows Function: Santa Cruz Church Manila

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"SANTA CRUZ CHURCH" Philippines Church Series Episode 3

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 However this balance between forms and function serves as the “poetic” significance. According to Frank Lloyd Wright from Noche & Leynes’s work, that it is not only to meet practical demands or simply fit in the functional requirements of a structure. It means that it is essential to have a touch of creativity into the form. There is a significant difference that deters an Eastern construction to a Western one. Come modern times, we greatly value the essence of aesthetic in our crafts. It has become a peak point that we are able to fully utilize both forms and function to the best of human civilization (Noche & Leynes 2019, p. 10).

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The most used phrase in explaining architecture was the “form follows function” which was thought by the architect of the name, Louis H. Sullivan, written in his essay of "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered" that the function determines form (Craven, 2019). Forms follows function is a precept which asserts that all manner of expressions, all ways of beings, and all forms are established upon their practical use and their purpose as beings (Cruz, 2012). In other words, the principle of “form follows functions” in architecture is the form relies on the functionality of an architectural art which its arrangement, composition and medium should complemented by its practical use. A building must see its integrity and usage rather than its aesthetic beauty. Similarly according to Benzu: “The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose.” He also mentions that the principle of “form follows function” was based on “utility and beauty” (Benzu, 2012). In architecture, a building was made because it has function and purpose to serve. The form gives justice to the function in a way that its medium e.g. wood, steel, textiles, glass and etc. should give integrity to the use of the building. The idea of functionality is dominating in this principle which means an architect should not make an extravagant form that which might be aesthetically beautiful but which do not serve their functional purpose. In other words, the form should not overlaps the function and the practical use must be prioritized.

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Architecture back in the day was used for kinds of shelter in order for humans to survive harsh conditions and to avoid others that may harm them. The ways of architecture evolved to the point where designs have further improved and people use different aesthetics in order to please the human eye. The goal of it became for the safety, functionality, meaningful and beautiful. Architecture also has deep roots for one's culture as it has been used in ancient times. Different eras have different ways to make houses and structures which makes it distinguishable from different cultures (Noche & Leynes 2019, p. 1).

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I.  Architecture: Form and Function in General