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Medicinal plant example 1: Sambucus nigra 

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Medicinal plant example 1: Sambucus nigra 

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Kingdom: | Plantae
Clade: | Angiosperms
Clade: | Eudicots
Clade: | Asterids
Order: | Dipsacales
Family: | Caprifoliaceae
Genus: | Sambucus
Species: | S. nigra

General morphological characteristics of the genus Sambucus.

Small trees, shrubs or herbs. Stems with large pith. Leaves pinnate, deciduous, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers (3-)5-merous, small, actinomorphic, in cymose corymbs or panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla rotate. Stamens 5. Stigma sessile, 3- to 5-lobed. Ovary 3- to 5-locular. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 compressed, cartilaginous pyrenes.

Morphological characteristics of Sanbucus nigra.

Shrub or small tree up to 10m. with brownish-grey, sulcate, corky bark and whitish pith. Stems often with vigorous, erect shoots from base; branches often arching. Leaflets 5-7(-9), 4·5-12(-18) × 2-6(-10)cm, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptical, acuminate, serrate, sparsely pubescent beneath. Stipules absent or very small, subulate. Inflorescence 10-24cm in diameter, corymbose, with (4-)5 primary rays. Corolla white. Anthers yellowish-white. Fruit globose, black (very rarely red).

Information about Sambucus nigra and its medicinal traits.

A rich folk tradition accompanies this plant, often described as a complete pharmacy because of its countless therapeutic and prophylactic features. In the 17th century, it was a popular medicine to cleanse the phlegm, and as an expectorant for cough and as a diuretic and violent laxative. Flower distillate was launched in the 18th century for its ability to whiten the skin and eradicate the freckles.
Flowers
They are anti-reflux and encourage sweating, so they are ideal for feverish fever and flu. They also help in allergic fever if they are taken condom to strengthen the upper respiratory system early, before pollen levels rise in the atmosphere. Locally they are anti-inflammatory and are used for skin creams and for snowballs. The collection takes place early in the summer.
Seeds
Mature fruits are rich in vitamin C and A. Previously, when there were no winter fruits, they made the fruits of wines and syrups to prevent colds. The collection is done in the autumn.
Bark
The bark is an effective stimulant of the liver and in the past it was taken for persistent constipation and for arthritic. Today it is rarely used.

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Rich plant habitat 1: National Park of Olympus

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Rich plant habitat 1: National Park of Olympus

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The mountainous mass of Olympus was the first National Park that was instituted by the Royal Decree in 1938, while with a Presidential Decree in 1985, the Operation Regulation of the National Forest of Olympus was established. The site has been designated since 1981 Biosphere Reserve from the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program.

Olympos has been included in the NATURA 2000 Network as a Special Conservation Area and a Special Protection Area for Birds with code GR1250001, in accordance with the Habitats Directive 92/43 / EEC and Directive 2009/147 / EC for wild birds. Numerous species of flora and fauna are included in the Annexes to the above Directives and are protected through them. Other species are protected by national law by Presidential Decree 69/1981 and by international law through the Berne and Bonn Conventions, respectively. Important parts of the Wildlife Refugees included within the National Park also provide important protection for the conservation of fauna. Also, parts of the Olympos National Park have been characterized as Landscapes of Special Natural Beauty.

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Rich plant habitat 2: National Park of Samaria

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Rich plant habitat 2: National Park of Samaria

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It has received a distinction from the Council of Europe (CoE) with the award of the European Diploma of Protected Areas. It belongs to the Biosphere Reserve, a region that is characterized by UNESCO's "Human and Biosphere" program. The Samaria Gorge and the Mount Olympus National Park are the unique protected areas of Greece that have joined the MAB network (Man and Biosphere Program). It has been integrated into the European Network of Biogenic Inventories of the Council of Europe. It is one of IBAS's Important Bird Areas. It has been included in the European Network of Protected Areas NATURA 2000 under the code GR4340014 (Special Protection Area: SPA). The wider area of the White Mountains has been included in the European Network of Protected Areas NATURA 2000 under the code GR4340008 and is registered as a Site of Community Importance (SCI).

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Rich plant habitat 3: The Dadia-Lefkimis-Soufli Forest National Park

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Rich plant habitat 3: The Dadia-Lefkimis-Soufli Forest National Park

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The Dadia-Lefkimis-Soufli Forest National Park is located in the middle of the Evros Prefecture on an area of ​​428,000 ha, of which 72,900 acres is a strictly protected area. It has a distinct geographic location at an international level, as it is at the crossroads between Asia, Europe and Africa and near the eastern migratory corridor of many species of birds. The extensive use of earth by man in the depths of the centuries has led to the formation of a rich mosaic landscape with many alternations. Gaps created by disturbances such as grazing, logging, but also small-scale and intense fires in the past, determine the survival and survival of most raptors, providing easier access to their feed. A total of 360-400 plant species have been recorded in the area, of which 25 species are orchids, 104 species of butterflies, 12-13 species of amphibians, 29 reptile species, and 60-65 mammalian species, 24 of which are bats. Moreover, the particular aesthetic landscapes with rocky formations, streams and rivers, endemic plants and geological interest points of the area are of high ecological value. The ecological value of the Dadia Forest was highlighted in 1970 by European scientists, in 1980 the area was declared protected and since 2006 has been designated as a National Park. It is now one of the few shelters of rare birds of prey across Europe, and here is the only breeding population of Aegypius monachus in the Balkans.

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Medicinal plant example 2: Hypericum perforatum

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Medicinal plant example 2: Hypericum perforatum

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Kingdom: | Plantae
Clade: | Angiosperms
Clade: | Eudicots
Clade: | Rosids
Order: | Malpighiales
Family: | Hypericaceae
Genus: | Hypericum
Species: | H. perforatum

General morphological characteristics of the genus  Hypericum.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals (4-)5, yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Stamens in 3 or 5 fascicles of (1-)3 to 125, sometimes alternating with sterile fascicles (fasciclodes), or in 5 irregular groups; fascicles, if 5, antepetalous; if 3, one antepetalous and two (larger) antesepalous. Ovary (2-)3- to 5-locular or partly or completely 1-locular; ovules numerus. Styles (2-)3-5, free, slender. Fruit a septicidal capsule, rarely fleshy and more or less indehiscent.

Morphological characteristics of Hypericum perforatum

Stems 10-100 cm, erect from a decumbent, rooting base, 2-lined. Leaves (5-)8-30(-35) mm, ovate to linear, sessile or subsessile, with obscurely reticulate venation and with numerous large translucent dots. Sepals lanceolate or oblong to linear, acute to acuminate or shortly aristate, usually entire, without or with a few superficial black dots. Petals with few marginal black dots, sometimes also with superficial black dots or streaks. Capsule with dorsal vittae and lateral, oblique vittae or vesicles.

Information about Hypericum perforatum and its medicinal traits.

They say he took its name from the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who treated the wounds in the Crusaders' battles. They also believed that he was spitting the bad spirit for it and the madmen were forced to drink from the infusion of the plant. Being yellow, it was associated with cholera and gave it to jaundice and hysteria.

Terrestrial segments
Taken internally, the terrestrial segments can alleviate the mood and rectify the spirit. They make a tonic to restore the nerves, ideal for anxiety and irritability, especially during menopause. It is also good for chronic, long-term situations where nerve depletion plays a role. They can relieve various pains, such as sciatica and neuralgia. Their collection is made in the summer.

Flowers
They are used to make balsam oil, a red blood-like oil made by flowering, soaking the flowers in cartilage oil of wax, walnut or sunflower oil cooled by a cold press and leaving them in the sun for a few weeks. can be used locally for burns, inflammation and for neuralgia. Their collection took place in the middle of the summer.

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The Mediterranean basin stretches c.3,800 km east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and c.1,000 km north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya. Within the European Union, the Mediterranean Region encompasses seven Member States either partially (France, Portugal, Italy, Spain) or completely (Greece, Malta, Cyprus). The climate is characterised by hot dry summers and humid, cool winters but it can also be notoriously capricious with sudden torrential downpours or bouts of high winds (eg the Sirocco, the Mistral) occurring at various times of the year. These climatic conditions have a profound influence on the vegetation and wildlife of the region. So does its varied and contrasting topography – the Mediterranean Region offers an ever changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea. Contrary to the classic ‘sun, sea and sand’ images portrayed in most tourist brochures, the Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly. One is almost never out of sight of the mountains, even on the islands. Having escaped the last Ice Age, all these areas harbour their own special kind of wildlife and habitats. As a result, the Mediterranean has not only a very rich biodiversity but also a large number of species that exist here and nowhere else in the world. The rate of endemism is exceptionally high both on land and in the sea. Of the 25,000 flowering plants identified so far–representing around 10% of all known plants on earth – more than half are endemic to the region. Not surprisingly, the Mediterranean is considered one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world.  Another distinguishing feature of the region is its very long association with man which has left its mark across much of the landscape. The ubiquitous Mediterranean scrub, with its profusion of flowers and aromatic plants, for instance, is a direct result of centuries of human-induced activities such as forest fires, clearances, livestock grazing and cultivation. Because human intervention tends to be very localised, Mediterranean scrub has evolved into a complex and intricate mobile patchwork of habitats that goes through an regular cycle of degeneration and regeneration. The complexity of the vegetation structure also explains why these areas are so exceptionally rich in wildlife, especially plants and insects. Whilst the Mediterranean scrub is synonymous with the region, it is by no means the only species-rich habitat here. Many areas are still dominated by large tracts of natural, virtually pristine, forests that remain relatively untouched by man. In contrast to most central and northern European forests that are dominated by only a dozen or so tree species, the Mediterranean forests are much more diverse, harbouring up to a 100 different tree species. Other parts of the Mediterranean are simply too dry for trees or dense vegetation and are, instead, covered in vast swathes of grasslands. At first sight these semi-arid steppic areas may appear barren and lifeless but on closer inspection they reveal an equally rich wildlife.

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Environmental stress factors that influence plant growth in GREECE

Stress due to cold and frost

Cold ice and frost are major causes of plant damage, especially with regard to sensitive plant groups, although resistant plants can also suffer if new growth is exposed to intense frost after a period of warmer weather. Symptoms often occur during the night and can affect many types of plants. Leaves and stems may become black and the flowers may become discolored. Some flowers that have suffered the adverse effects of a frost can not produce fruit.

Stress due to high temperatures

Very high temperatures can cause damage to plants directly, but it is usually caused damage due to increased water loss and drought intensity of plants. Plants can also burn because of sunburn when shaded foliage is exposed to sunlight during warm, dry periods. When temperatures are extremely high, plants must pump water from the roots to the leaves and stems. This water then exits the plant through the mouths during the process of transpiration. Transpiration cools the leaves and other parts of the plant and prevents damage from thermal stress. However, if there is not enough water for this process, the plant will sacrifice some of the surface of its leaf, allowing it to burn.

Stress due to salinity

An excess of sodium chloride or other salts in the soil threatens plants for two reasons. First, by reducing the water potential of the substrate, salt can cause water deficiency in plants, although there is enough water in the soil. As the water potential of the substrate becomes more negative, the slope of the water potential from the substrate to the roots decreases, thus reducing water intake. Another problem with saline substrates is that sodium and certain other ions become toxic to plants when their concentrations are so high as to flood the selective permeability of the root membranes. In other words, the plant is unable to selectively absorb the right nutrients and only the sodium is absorbed by the plant. Many plant species can respond to moderate substrate salinity by producing dissolved substances that are well tolerated at high concentrations. If stress due to salinity lasts a long time, the plant will eventually succumb.

Stress due to excessive humidity

The main problem in the case of stress due to excessive moisture is the lack of oxygen. This causes many in plant species to produce ethylene, which also causes the death of the root system (root system apoptosis-programmed cell death). Destruction of these cells creates air tubes, which can be filled with air from the parts of the plant above the ground. In this way, the roots can receive the necessary oxygen even when the soil is still too moist to contain enough air.

Stress due to drought

During very hot and dry days, plants can wither because the rate of water loss through perspiration exceeds the rate at which the root system absorbs water from the ground. In other words, there is not enough moisture in the soil, which can greatly inhibit plant growth. However, plants have control systems that allow them to deal with water shortages. The mechanisms of plant defense against drought conditions are essentially a reduction in the rate of perspiration. The lack of water in the leaves leads to a slowing of perspiration by closing the mouths. The lack of water also stimulates the synthesis and release of the abzic acid in the leaves. This hormone helps keep the mouths closed. The leaves respond to lack of water in a number of other ways. The leaves of many plant species are tube-shaped, which reduces perspiration by reducing the surface area of ​​the sheet exposed to dry air and wind. Although this leaf response keeps the water, it also reduces photosynthesis.

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Cosmos

Cosmos was considered to be both a scientific and literary achievement, immensely popular among nineteenth-century readers. Although the book bore the daunting subtitle of A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, and had an index that ran to more than 1,000 pages, the first volume sold out in two months, the work was translated into all major languages and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Humboldt's publisher claimed: "The demand is epoch-making. Book parcels destined for London and St. Petersburg were torn out of our hands by agents who wanted their orders filled for the bookstores in Vienna and Hamburg." Cosmos largely enhanced Humboldt's reputation in his own lifetime, not only in his own country but throughout Europe and America. Its enthusiastic reception in England, where it came out in the Bohn Scientific Library in a translation by Elizabeth Leeves, particularly surprised him. The reviews were gushing in praise of both the author and his work.Cosmos influenced several American authors

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I believe that each region has its own problems that have all become more intense due to the excessive warming of the planet and the change in global temperature. Elsewhere we have floods, elsewhere we have droughts. Phenomena which intensify every year. These are problems that I have observed in all geographical regions. But the biggest problem have the regions closer to the equador (southern) due to excessive floods and long term droughts.

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2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Greece's wealth is inseparably linked to its climatic conditions. The hot dry summer climate combined with the thousands of miles of coastlines magnetize tourists from all over the world. Hot summers, combined with mild winters, favor the development of agriculture as an integral part of the economy. Under the same climatic conditions, thousands of hectares of forests cover the country and harbor a great biodiversity. Today, this natural wealth is under great pressure due to population growth and unpredictable growth. Global warming will still cause great pressure in our country. A UN study shows that Greece as well as the entire Mediterranean is among the 18 hot spots on the planet, which will face the biggest problems due to the increasing climate change.

WWF Hellas research, in collaboration with the National Observatory of Athens, titled "Tomorrow Greece", attempts to predict the climatic conditions in Greece in 2020-2050, almost tomorrow.

According to the results of the survey, the existing discomfort of urban residents is going to be intensified. Residents of cities such as Thessaloniki, Patras, Lamia and Larissa will be subjected to up to 20 more heatwave days. At the same time, in Lamia, Larisa, Volos, Thessaloniki and Athens, the total rainfall will decrease, but the extreme rainfall is expected to increase by 10-20%. In other words, the risk of both flooding and fire spreading in forests is increasing.

Importantly, the tourist destinations of our country will also be affected. From 5 to 15 more days will be the hot days in the tourist prefectures, while the nights will be higher, as the temperature will not fall below 20oC, especially in the island regions like Rhodes and Chania.

The country's ten largest rural counties will also be under pressure from climate change, leading to increased heat days, consecutive days without rain, reducing winter rainfall and hence greatly increasing the risk of fire. For example, more than 25 more dry days are expected in Evia than today, Serres and Larissa will live 20 more hot days, while in Heraklion and Pella the rainfall in winter will drop by 15%. There is also an increased risk of desertification of new land and a decrease in water availability.

Climate change is expected to put the National Parks in a big test as well, with an increase in days at high risk of fire occurring in all the country's forests.

Finally, in a related report published in 2011, the Bank of Greece notes that the economic cost of climate change for our country is extremely high: in the worst case scenario, the total cost to the Greek economy by 2100 amounts to 701 billion euros , amounting to more than twice as high as our national debt in 2009. The editors of the report note that the adoption of climate-friendly policies is the most cost-effective option we have. As Greece reduces emissions dramatically, in a similar global effort, total costs are reduced by € 265 billion to € 436 billion.

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Western Europe has an Oceanic climate, far southern Europe has a Mediterranean climate, and eastern Europe is classified as having a Continental climate. The climate of western Europe is strongly conditioned by the Gulf Stream, which keeps mild air (for the latitude) over Northwestern Europe in the winter months, especially in Ireland, the UK and coastal Norway.

Parts of the central European plains have a hybrid oceanic/continental climate. Four seasons occur in most of Europe away from the Mediterranean. The coastal lowlands near and on the Mediterranean Sea, have more of a wet and dry season pattern, with winter the season of most rainfall, and summers a time of few rainy days.

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Climate change impacts in Europe's regions

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Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir, and the production process. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production.

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Mastika is a liqueur seasoned with mastic, a resin with a slightly pine or cedar-like flavor gathered from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), a small evergreen tree native to the Mediterranean region.
In Greece, mastika (Greek: μαστίχα) is a strong spirit similar to ouzo or tsikoudia. It is served cold or at room temperature but usually with ice. Both turn white (louche) when poured over ice or mixed with water, forming small crystals when frozen. They are served with various mezedes—appetizers such as octopus, salad, sardines, calamari, fried zucchini, and clams.
Mastika often accompanies desserts made with almonds and is served at wedding feasts as a digestif. It has a sweet smell and flavor similar to liquorice.
Chios Mastiha is not the same drink as mastika; it is a brandy-based liqueur native to the island of Chios, where mastic has traditionally been cultivated.

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The main tree species decorated during Christmas

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The main tree species decorated during Christmas

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Abies borisii-regis
In Greece more and more people choose to decorate real Christmas trees than artificial ones. The reason is simple. They look better and moreover its good for the environment.

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Grain legumes (Pulses)
The grain legumes are major sources of dietary protein and calories for human consumption in the world but of minor importance in the United States. The cool season food legumes range in protein content from about 22% for chickpeas to 28% for lentils. These legumes are popular in the developing countries of the near east and North Africa. Also, they are a dietary mainstay on the Indian subcontinent, especially in regions where religious preferences discourage the consumption of animal protein.

The sulfur containing amino acids, methionine, and cystine, are limiting in the proteins of these grain legumes. However, a favorable amino acid profile is easily obtained with the combined use of cereal grains in the diet.

Tubers & Roots -Starchy Foods

Starchy roots and tuber crops play a pivotal role in the human diet. There are number of roots and tubers which make an extensive biodiversity even within the same geographical location. Thus, they add variety to the diet in addition to offering numerous desirable nutritional and health benefits such as antioxidative, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. A number of bioactive constituents such as phenolic compounds, saponins, bioactive proteins, glycoalkaloids, and phytic acids are responsible for the observed effects. Many starchy tuber crops, except the common potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava, are not yet fully explored for their nutritional and health benefits. In Asian countries, some edible tubers are also used as traditional medicinal. A variety of foods can be prepared using tubers and they may also be used in industrial applications. Processing may affect the bioactivities of constituent compounds. Tubers have an immense potential as functional foods and nutraceutical ingredients to be explored in disease risk reduction and wellness.

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Oregano
Since oregano was originally grown in Greece, it was first used by the Greeks. They believed that this herb was created by the Goddess Aphrodite.  She wanted it to be a symbol of joy growing in her garden.  The word “oregano”  comes from the  Greek words oros, for “mountain,” and ganos, for “joy” meaning “ joy of the mountains”.
The Roman’s next adopted oregano because they enjoyed the taste and how easy is was to cultivate. Their love of the herb helped spread its use all throughout Europe and Northern Africa.

In the middle ages oregano was commonly used for medicinal purposes. They would chew the oregano leaves as a cure for many ailments such as rheumatism, toothache, indigestion, and coughing fits.

During this time, Oregano also made the journey to China. It was also used for medicinal purposes in this region. The Chinese people believed it helped with fever, vomiting and upset stomach.
During the Elizabethan era, oregano was used for just about anything. It was used to encourage good luck and good health. It was used in spells for happiness, tranquility, luck, health, protection and letting go of a loved one. It was also worn during sleeping to give one psychic dreams.

Oregano was not widely used in the United States until after the Second World War.  Soldiers discovered the herb during the Italian Campaign and brought it back to the US.

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Eons and eons of time had elapsed and now we only have vague ideas as to where saffron was first grown, just like how it got its name. But it would be interesting to know how far back in time saffron had been appreciated for its value and which countries had peculiar utilizations for it.
The earliest indication that the East Mediterranean people were already growing saffron crocus as early as 2300 B.C. was the mention of a great king, Sargon of Akkad, a great ruler of the Akkadian empire having hailed from the city of Azupiranu, referred to in Ancient History texts as Saffron City. To be known as such, this quaint city must have grown saffron crocus on a large scale, or the cultivation of the spice plant must have been concentrated in that area during those times.

Frescoes dating back in 1600 BC found in Knossos, Greece and another one from 1500 BC in Santorini, Greece, respectively portrayed the whole process of saffron harvest and finally making an offering in a ritual worship, and young girls and monkeys plucking saffron filaments. In Thebes, Egypt, a medical papyrus also dated 1600 BC that was discovered in a tomb alluded to the medicinal function of saffron. These frescoes and documents are concrete evidences of the saffron culture existing even in the olden days. As a matter of fact, modern day analyses of said frescoes established the fact that they do quite emphasize the medicinal aspect of crocus more than anything else.
Saffron was a luxury saved for the nobility back then. Kings, queens, pharaohs and monks wore saffron perfumes, donned saffron-dyed robes, ate food and had drinks laced with saffron spice, bathed in saffron water for healing wounds and as prelude to romance, slept comfortably in beds speckled with saffron threads, and prayed to their gods with saffron offerings.

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The most important of his books are two large botanical treatises, Enquiry into Plants (Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία, generally known as Historia Plantarum), and On the Causes of Plants(Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν), which constitute the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and the Middle Ages, the first systemization of the botanical world; on the strength of these works some, following Linnaeus, call him the "father of botany".

The Enquiry into Plants was originally ten books, of which nine survive. The work is arranged into a system whereby plants are classified according to their modes of generation, their localities, their sizes, and according to their practical uses such as foods, juices, herbs, etc. The first book deals with the parts of plants; the second book with the reproduction of plants and the times and manner of sowing; the third, fourth, and fifth books are devoted to trees, their types, their locations, and their practical applications; the sixth book deals with shrubs and spiny plants; the seventh book deals with herbs; the eighth book deals with plants that produce edible seeds; and the ninth book deals with plants that produce useful juices, gums, resins, etc.
On the Causes of Plants was originally eight books, of which six survive. It concerns the growth of plants; the influences on their fecundity; the proper times they should be sown and reaped; the methods of preparing the soil, manuring it, and the use of tools; and of the smells, tastes, and properties of many types of plants.The work deals mainly with the economical uses of plants rather than their medicinal uses, although the latter is sometimes mentioned. A book on wines and a book on plant smells may have once been part of the complete work.

Although these works contain many absurd and fabulous statements, they include valuable observations concerning the functions and properties of plants. Theophrastus detected the process of germination and realized the importance of climate and soil to plants. Much of the information on the Greek plants may have come from his own observations, as he is known to have travelled throughout Greece, and to have had a botanical garden of his own; but the works also profit from the reports on plants of Asia brought back from those who followed Alexander the Great:

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SusanaBarroso's, mireille_lucasca, Androulidaki Danai, Eleni Liapi PlantAreas

I looked many plant areas and those were ones of the best i have seen. They are well built and include every single information about their plant area! You can totaly understand the synthesis of platns there and also other factors that synthesize her bioarea. Amazing jod. A fine example of persons that woked hard to give us all tha richeness of their area!!

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Due to the great range of climatic and geomorphologic conditions, species and ecosystems diversity is high. Greece entirely lies in the Mediterranean biogeographical region, with ecosystems ranging from semi-desert and maquis, to cold climate mountain forests of birch, scots pine and spruce. Wetlands (rivers, estuaties, deltas, lagoons, shallow lakes, shallow marine formations, and marshes) cover a relatively wide area (210.000 hectares) and forests cover nearly 30% of the country's territory.
About two-thirds of the Greek territory is covered by a hilly or mountainous terrain, with the typical landscape being rugged and steep. Greece has a very extensive coastline of about 15.000 kilometres and about 3.000 islands, which represent 20% of the land area. The coastline is mainly rocky and sandy with about 5% wetlands
Greek flora and fauna are among the richest in Europe: more than 5.500 plant species have been recorded, with a large number of endemic species, due to the isolation of mountains and islands. Nearly all mammal species recorded are indigenous, as well as 85% of freshwater fish species.
Greece hosts a large variety of Mediterranean habitats included in the reference list of the Natura 2000 initiative (EU Birds Directive 79/409/EEC and Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC): from open sea, tidal areas and sea dunes, to several types of shrubs and grasslands and Mediterranean mountainous forests of coniferous.
The Greek list of Natura 2000 sites includes 241 Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and 202 Special Protection Areas (SPA). The total area of the network, when overlapping between the areas of the above types of sites is excluded, rises to 4.294.960,14 ha, of which 3.603.354,61 ha are land (27,2% of terrestrial part of Greece) and 691.605,53 ha are marine areas (6,12% of territorial waters). The Natura 2000 sites are mostly wide areas and are scattered throughout the country.

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Plant species in Greece face many direct threats and pressures. Based on the number of species
that appear to be influenced by these threats, issues are ranked as following: residential
& commercial development (often illegal and without planning), infrastructure development
(including tourist infrastructure in coastal regions and road construction in mountainous areas),
overgrazing, agricultural intensification, mining and the gathering of terrestrial plants
(either by experts or by lay people).

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For the purpose of Flora Hellenica Greece has been divided into 13 different (floristic) regions. Borders between the 13 floristic regions are self-evident in most cases. These regions are:

Kriti and Karpathos (KK)

Peloponnisos (Pe)

Sterea Ellas (StE)

Southern Pindos (SPi)

Northern Pindos (NPi)

East Central (EC)

North Central (NC)

North East (NE)

Ionian Islands (IoI)

West Aegean Islands (WAe)

North Aegean Islands (NAe)

East Aegean Islands (EAe)Kiklades (Kik)

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Purpose: The protection of the endangered plant species and the conservation of their population.
Goals: The creation of botanical gardens around the country and the restoration of the plant species populations.
How to achieve the plan:

1. Ιnforming school students about the problem facing our country's biodiversity and organizing excursions where through them they will learn how to protect the environment. They will carry out garbage collection as well as controlled tree planting.

2. Cooperation between other countries organisations.

3. Informing people through public speeches on how everyone can contribute to environmental protection

4. The creation, with the help of the Municipality and various sponsors, of annual festivals where actions will be organized so that the public will come closer to the nature.

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The business plans created by others here are similar to mine. All of them want the protection of plant species and believe that the voluntary action and world awareness is the key to protecting and conserving biodiversity. Treis are aware of the difficult situation that environment goes through and that gives hope because out there are people that are ready to take action and save not only plants but every living thing in our planet.