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Preparations for Europe Day on 9 May 2024

Europe Day is a day to celebrate peace and unity throughout Europe. On this day, it is our collective duty to revitalize the European dream and re-invigorate European integration. COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine has proven to us however that to protect the lives and health of citizens and preserve our economy, the European Union must take robust actions, proportionate to the dangers threatening us.

Therefore, we call on liberals to join us in mobilising local politicians and civil society for a large pro-European movement on 9 May to celebrate European unity and peace.

We invite liberals, organisations and civil society to organise events and celebrations and launch the impulse to EU integration as the best form of protection for Europeans in the 21st century.
See tips and suggestions for planning Europe Day celebrations (2023 edition):

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Europe Day is a day to celebrate peace and unity throughout Europe. On this day, it is our collective duty to revitalize the European dream and re-invigorate European integration. COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine has proven to us however that to protect the lives and health of citizens and preserve our economy, the European Union must take robust actions, proportionate to the dangers threatening us.

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Play games

There's so much to discover about the European Union! Have fun with this series of games and quizzes. There are games for different age groups and at different levels, and each game can be played at home or as part of a school lesson.

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There's so much to discover about the European Union! Have fun with this series of games and quizzes. There are games for different age groups and at different levels, and each game can be played at home or as part of a school lesson.

There's so much to discover about the European Union! Have fun with this series of games and quizzes. There are games for different age groups and at different levels, and each game can be played at home or as part of a school lesson.

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There's so much to discover about the European Union! Have fun with this series of games and quizzes. There are games for different age groups and at different levels, and each game can be played at home or as part of a school lesson.

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The capital of Romania is Bucarest.

Romania has 19,41 million.

The Dragobete is the most important party.

The tradicional dishes of this country are Sarmale, Lángosi, Salata de Vinete.

The Romanian Leu, is the currency of Romania.

There are an example of the flag of Romania, it is blue, red and yellow

An interesting video of Romania :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEgKih4STDQ&ab_channel=LeMondeenVid%C3%A9o

Created by : Eneko

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Europe is one of the world's seven continents. The others are Africa, North and South America, Antarctica, Asia and Australia/Oceania.

Europe stretches all the way from the Arctic in the north to the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural Mountains (in Russia) in the east. It has many rivers, lakes and mountain ranges. The map below tells you the names of some of the biggest ones.

The highest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus, in the Caucasus Mountains, on the border between Russia and Georgia. Its highest peak is 5 642 metres above sea level.

The highest mountain in western Europe is Mont Blanc, in the Alps, on the border between France and Italy. Its summit is over 4 810 metres above sea level.

Also in the Alps is Lake Geneva - the largest freshwater lake in western Europe. It lies between France and Switzerland, goes as deep as 310 metres and holds about 89 trillion litres of water.

The largest lake in central Europe is Balaton, in Hungary. It is 77 kilometres (km) long and covers an area of about 600 square kilometres (km ²). Northern Europe has even bigger lakes, including Saimaa in Finland (1 147 km ²) and Vänern in Sweden (more than 5 500 km ²). The largest lake in Europe as a whole is Lake Ladoga. It is located in north-western Russia and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. Its surface covers an area of 17 700 km ².

The continent of Europe

One of Europe's longest rivers is the Danube. It rises in the Black Forest region of Germany and flows eastwards through Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine to Romania, where it forms a delta on the Black Sea coast. In all, it covers a distance of about 2 850 km.

Other big rivers include the Rhine (about 1 320 km long) and the Elbe (about 1 170 km), as well as the Loire and the Vistula (both more than 1 000 km).
Can you find them on the map?

Big rivers are very useful for transporting things. All kinds of goods are loaded onto barges that carry them up and down the rivers, between Europe's sea ports and cities far inland.

Did you know that railways were invented in Europe? It was in England that George Stephenson introduced the first passenger train in 1825. His most famous locomotive was called 'the Rocket' and it reached speeds of more than 40 kilometres per hour (km/h) - which was really fast for those days.

Today, Europe's high-speed electric trains are very different from those first steam engines. They are very comfortable and they travel at speeds of up to 330 km/h on specially built tracks. More tracks are being built all the time, to allow people to travel quickly between Europe's big cities.

Roads and railways sometimes have to cross mountain ranges, wide rivers or even the sea. So engineers have built some very long bridges and tunnels. The longest railway tunnel in Europe is the Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland.

The longest road tunnel in Europe is the Lærdal tunnel in Norway, between Bergen and Oslo. It is more than 24 km long and was opened in the year 2000. Another standout tunnel in Europe is the 11.6km-long Mont Blanc road tunnel connecting France to Italy. Built under the Mont Blanc which is the highest peak in the Alps (4 810 m), the tunnel was once the world's longest highway tunnel.

One of the highest bridges in the world (336 metres tall) is the Millau Viaduct in France, which was opened in 2004.

Two of the longest bridges in Europe are the Øresund road and rail bridge (16 km long) between Denmark and Sweden and the Vasco da Gama road bridge (more than 17 km long) across the river Tagus in Portugal. The Vasco da Gama bridge is named after a famous explorer, and you can read about him in the chapter ' A journey through time '.

People also travel around Europe by plane, because air travel is very fast. Some of the world's best planes are built in Europe - for example, the 'Airbus'. Different European countries make different parts of an Airbus and then a team of engineers puts the whole plane together.

The fastest ever passenger plane, the Concorde, was designed by a team of French and British engineers. Concorde could fly at 2 160 km/h - twice the speed of sound - and could cross the Atlantic in less than 3 hours! (Most planes take about 8 hours). Concorde took its final flight in 2003.

Faster than any plane are space rockets, such as Ariane - a joint project between several European countries. People don't travel in the Ariane rocket: it is used to launch satellites, which are needed for TV and mobile phone networks, for scientific research and so on. Many of the world's satellites are now launched using these European rockets.

The success of Concorde, Airbus and Ariane show what can be achieved when European countries work together.

People in Europe speak many different languages. Most of these languages belong to three large groups or 'families': Germanic, Slavic and Romance.

The languages in each group share a family likeness because they are descended from the same ancestors. For example, Romance languages are descended from Latin - the language spoken by the Romans.

Here's how to say 'Good morning' or 'Hello' in just a few of these languages.

It's not hard to see the family likeness in these examples. But there are other European languages that are less closely related, or not at all related, to one another.

Here's how to say 'Good morning' or 'Hello' in several of these languages.

In the language of the Roma people, who live in many parts of Europe, 'Good morning' is
Lasho dyes.

Learning languages can be great fun - and it's important on a continent like ours. Many of us enjoy going on holiday to other European countries and getting to know the people there. That's a great opportunity to practise the phrases we know in different languages.

Most of Europe has a 'temperate' climate - neither too hot nor too cold. The coldest places are in the far north and in the high mountains. The warmest places are in the far south and south-east.

The weather is warmest and driest in summer (roughly June to September) and coldest in winter (roughly December to March).

Europe had record-breaking hot summers in 2010 and 2015. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Climate change is a worldwide problem that can only be solved if all countries work together.

Wild animals in cold regions usually have thick fur or feathers to keep them warm and their coats may be white to camouflage them in the snow. Some spend the winter sleeping to save energy. This is called hibernating.

Many species of birds live on insects, small water creatures or other food that cannot easily be found during cold winter months. So they fly south in the autumn and don't return until spring. Some travel thousands of kilometres, across the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert, to spend the winter in Africa. This seasonal travelling is called migrating.

Enjoying the spring and summer

When spring comes to Europe (March to May), the weather gets warmer. Snow and ice melt. Baby fish and insect larvae swarm in the streams and ponds. Migrating birds return to make their nests and raise their families. Flowers open and bees carry pollen from one plant to another.

Trees put out new leaves which catch the sunlight and use its energy to make the tree grow. In mountain regions, farmers move their cows up into the high meadows, where there is now plenty of fresh grass.

Cold-blooded animals such as reptiles also need the sun to give them energy. In summer, especially in southern Europe, you will often see lizards basking in the sunshine and hear the chirping of grasshoppers and cicadas.

In late summer and autumn, the days grow shorter and the nights cooler. Many delicious fruits ripen at this time of year and farmers are kept busy harvesting them. Nuts too ripen in autumn and squirrels will gather and store heaps of them ready for the winter.

Many trees shed their leaves in autumn because there is no longer enough sunshine for the leaves to be useful. They gradually change from green to shades of yellow, red, gold and brown. Then they fall, carpeting the ground with colour. The fallen leaves decay, enriching the soil and providing food for future generations of plant life.

This yearly cycle of the seasons and the changes it brings, make the European countryside what it is - beautiful, and very varied.

On high mountains and in the far north of Europe, farming is impossible because it is too cold for crops to grow. But evergreen trees such as pines and firs can survive cold winters. That is why Europe's coldest places are covered with evergreen forests. People use the wood from these forests to make many things - from houses and furniture to paper and cardboard packaging.

Further south, most of the land is suitable for farming. It produces a wide variety of crops including wheat, maize, sugar beet, potatoes and all sorts of fruit and vegetables.

Where there is plenty of sunshine and hardly any frost (near the Mediterranean, for example), farmers can grow fruit such as oranges and lemons, grapes and olives. Olives contain oil which can be squeezed out of the fruit and used in preparing food. Grapes are squeezed to get the juice, which can be turned into wine. Europe is famous for its very good wines, which are sold all over the world.

Mediterranean farmers also grow lots of other fruit and vegetables. Tomatoes, for example, ripen well in the southern sunshine. But vegetables need plenty of water, so farmers in hot, dry regions will often have to irrigate their crops. That means giving them water from rivers or from under the ground.

Grass grows easily where there is enough rain, even if the soil is shallow or not very fertile. Many European farmers keep animals that eat grass -such as cows, sheep or goats. They provide milk, meat and other useful products like wool and leather.

Many farmers also keep pigs or chickens. These animals can be raised almost anywhere because they can be kept indoors and given specially prepared feed. Chickens provide not only meat but eggs too and some farms produce thousands of eggs every day.

Farms in Europe range from very big to very small. Some have large fields - which makes it easy to harvest crops using big machines. Others, for example in hilly areas, may have small fields. Walls or hedgerows between fields help stop the wind and rain from carrying away soil and they can be good for wildlife too.

Many city people like to spend weekends and holidays in the European countryside, enjoying the scenery, the peace and quiet and the fresh air. We all need to do what we can to look after the countryside and keep it beautiful.

Europe has thousands and thousands of kilometres of coastline, which nature has shaped in various ways. There are tall rocky cliffs and beaches of sand or colourful pebbles formed by the sea as it pounds away at the rocks, century after century.

In Norway, glaciers have carved the coast into steep-sided valleys called fjords. In some other countries, the sea and wind pile up the sand into dunes. The highest dune in Europe is the Dune du Pyla, near Arcachon in France. It reaches a height of 107 metres.

Many kinds of fish and other animals live in the sea around Europe's coasts. They provide food for sea birds, and for marine mammals such as seals. Where rivers flow into the sea, flocks of waders come to feed, at low tide, on creatures that live in the mud.

The sea is important for people too. The Mediterranean was so important to the Romans that they called it Mare Nostrum: 'our sea'. Down through the centuries, Europeans have sailed the world's oceans, discovered the other continents, explored them, traded with them and made their homes there. In the chapter ' A journey through time ' you can find out more about these great voyages of discovery.

Cargo boats from around the world bring all kinds of goods (often packed in containers) to Europe's busy ports. Here they are unloaded on to trains, lorries and barges. Then the ships load up with goods that have been produced here and that are going to be sold on other continents.

Some of the world's finest ships have been built in Europe. They include the 'Harmony of the Seas' - one of the biggest passenger liners. She was built in France and first set sail in 2016.

Europe's seaside resorts are great places for a holiday. You can enjoy all kinds of water sports, from surfing and boating to waterskiing and scuba diving.

Or you can just relax - sunbathing on the beach and cooling off in the sea.

Fishing has always been important for people in Europe. Whole towns have grown up around fishing harbours and thousands of people earn their living by catching and selling fish or providing for the fishermen and their families.

Modern fishing boats, such as factory trawlers, can catch huge numbers of fish. To make sure that enough are left in the sea, European countries have agreed rules about how many fish can be caught and about using nets that let young fish escape.

Another way to make sure we have enough fish is to farm them. On the coasts of northern Europe, salmon are reared in large cages in the sea. Shellfish such as mussels, oysters and clams can be farmed in the same way.

Protecting Europe's coasts

Europe's coasts and the sea are important to wildlife and to people. So we need to look after them. We have to prevent them from becoming polluted by waste from factories and towns. Oil tankers sometimes have accidents, spilling huge amounts of oil into the sea. This can turn beaches black and kill thousands of seabirds.

European countries are working together to try to prevent these things from happening again and to make sure that our coastline will remain beautiful for future generations to enjoy.
Over thousands of years, Europe has changed enormously.
It's a fascinating story! But it's a long one, so here are just some of the highlights.
The earliest Europeans were hunters and gatherers. On the walls of some caves they made wonderful paintings of hunting scenes. Eventually, they learnt farming and began breeding animals, growing crops and living in villages.

They made their weapons and tools from stone - by sharpening pieces of flint, for example.

The Bronze and Iron Ages - Learning to use metal

Several thousand years BC (before the birth of Christ), people discovered how to make various sorts of metals by heating different kinds of rock in a very hot fire. Bronze - a mixture of copper and tin - was hard enough for making tools and weapons. Gold and silver were soft but very beautiful and could be shaped into ornaments.

Later, an even harder metal was discovered: iron. The best kind of metal was steel, which was strong and didn't break easily, so it made good swords. But making steel was very tricky, so good swords were rare and valuable!

In Greece about 4 000 years ago, people began to build cities. At first they were ruled by kings. Later, around 500 BC, the city of Athens introduced 'democracy' - which means 'government by the people'. (Instead of having a king, the men of Athens took decisions by voting.) Democracy is an important European invention that has spread around the world.

Some of the other things the ancient Greeks gave us include:

Rome started out as just a village in Italy. But the Romans were very well organised, their army was very good at fighting and they gradually conquered all the lands around the Mediterranean. Eventually the Roman empire stretched all the way from northern England to the Sahara Desert and from the Atlantic to Asia.

Here are some of the things the Romans gave us:
When the Roman empire collapsed, different parts of Europe were taken over by different peoples. For example ...
Before Roman times, Celtic peoples lived in many parts of Europe. Their descendants today live mainly in Brittany (France), Cornwall (England), Galicia (Spain), Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In these parts of Europe, Celtic languages and culture are very much alive.

Not all of them settled in Germany:

The Angles and Saxons moved to England and ruled it until 1066.

The Franks conquered a large part of Europe, including France, between about 500 and 800 AD. Their most famous king was Charlemagne.

The Goths (Visigoths and Ostrogoths) set up kingdoms in Spain and Italy.

The Vikings lived in Scandinavia. In the 800s and 900s they sailed to other countries, stealing treasure and trading and settling where there was good farmland.

or 'Northmen', were Vikings who settled in France (in the area we call Normandy) and then conquered England in 1066. A famous Norman tapestry shows scenes from this conquest. It is kept in a museum in the French town of Bayeux.

The Slavs settled in many parts of eastern Europe and became the ancestors of today's Slavic-speaking peoples, including Belorussians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Czechs, Poles, Russians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Ukrainians.

After the Magyars settled in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th and 10th centuries, they founded the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000. Their descendants today live in Hungary and other neighbouring countries.

During the Middle Ages, kings and nobles in Europe often quarrelled and there were many wars. (This was the time when knights in armour fought on horseback.) To defend themselves from attack, kings and nobles often lived in strong castles, with thick stone walls. Some castles were so strong that they are still standing today.

Christianity became the main religion in Europe during the Middle Ages and churches were built almost everywhere. Some of them are very impressive - especially the great cathedrals, with their tall towers and colourful stained-glass windows.

Monks were involved in farming and helped develop agriculture all over Europe. They also set up schools and produced beautifully illustrated books. Their monasteries often had libraries where important books from ancient times were preserved.

In southern Spain, where Islam was the main religion, the rulers built beautiful mosques and minarets. The most famous ones left today are the mosque in Córdoba and the Giralda minaret in Seville.

During the Middle Ages, most people could not read or write and they knew only what they learnt in church. Only monasteries and universities had copies of the books written by the ancient Greeks and Romans. But in the 1300s and 1400s, students began rediscovering the ancient books. They were amazed at the great ideas and knowledge they found there and the news began to spread.

Wealthy and educated people, for example in Florence (Italy), became very interested. They could afford to buy books - especially once printing was invented in Europe (1445) - and they fell in love with ancient Greece and Rome. They had their homes modelled on Roman palaces and they paid talented artists and sculptors to decorate them with scenes from Greek and Roman stories and with statues of gods, heroes and emperors.

It was as if a lost world of beauty and wisdom had been reborn. That is why we call this period the 'Renaissance' (meaning 'rebirth').

It gave the world:

A new revolution started in Europe about 250 years ago - in the world of 'industry'. It all began with an energy crisis. For thousands of years, people had been burning wood and charcoal. But now, parts of Europe were running out of forests! What else could they use as fuel?

The answer was coal. There was plenty of it in Europe and miners began digging for it. Coal powered the newly invented steam engines. It could also be roasted and turned into 'coke', which is a much cleaner fuel - ideal for making iron and steel.

About 150 years ago, an Englishman called Henry Bessemer invented a 'blast furnace' that could produce large amounts of steel quite cheaply. Soon Europe was producing huge quantities of it and it changed the world! Cheap steel made it possible to build skyscrapers, huge bridges, ocean liners, cars, fridges ... Powerful guns and bombs too.

At the time of the Renaissance, trade with distant lands was becoming very important for European merchants. For example, they were selling goods in India and bringing back valuable spices and precious stones. But travelling overland was difficult and took a long time, so the merchants wanted to reach India by sea. The problem was, Africa was in the way - and it is very big!

However, if the world really was round (as people were beginning to believe), European ships ought to be able to reach India by sailing west. So, in 1492, Christopher Columbus and his sailors set out from Spain and crossed the Atlantic. But instead of reaching India they discovered the Bahamas (islands in the Caribbean Sea, near the coast of America).

Other explorers soon followed. In 1497-1498, Vasco da Gama - a Portuguese naval officer - was the first European to reach India by sailing around Africa. In 1519, another Portuguese explorer - Ferdinand Magellan, working for the King of Spain - led the first European expedition to sail right around the world!

Before long, Europeans were exploring the Caribbean islands and America (which they called the 'New World') and founding colonies there. In other words, they took over the land, claiming it now belonged to their home country in Europe. They took their beliefs, customs and languages with them - and that is how English and French came to be the main languages spoken in North America and Spanish and Portuguese in Central and South America.

As time passed, Europeans sailed further and further - to China, Japan, South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania. Sailors returning from these distant lands reported seeing strange creatures very different from those in Europe. This made scientists keen to explore these places and to bring back animals and plants for Europe's museums. In the 1800s, European explorers went deep into Africa and by 1910 European nations had colonised most of the African continent.

Meanwhile, back in Europe, scientists were finding out more and more about about how the universe works. Geologists, studying rocks and fossils, began wondering how the Earth had been formed and how old it really was. Two great scientists, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (in France) and Charles Darwin (in England), eventually concluded that animals and plants had 'evolved' - changing from one species into another over millions and millions of years.

In the 1700s, people were asking other important questions too - such as how countries should be governed and what rights and freedoms people should have. The writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said that everyone should be equal. Another writer, Voltaire, said the world would be better if reason and knowledge replaced ignorance and superstition.

This age of new ideas, called the 'Enlightenment', led to great changes in some countries - for example the French Revolution of 1789, when the people decided they would no longer be ruled by kings and queens. One of their revolutionary slogans was 'freedom, equality and brotherhood' - which eventually became the French national motto.

Other European inventions from the 19th and 20th centuries helped create the world we know today. For example:

Today, roughly a quarter of the people working in Europe are producing things needed for the modern world: food and drinks; mobile phones and computers; clothes and furniture; washing machines and televisions; cars, buses and lorries and lots more besides.

A majority of European workers have 'service' jobs. In other words, they work in shops and post offices, banks and insurance companies, hotels and restaurants, hospitals and schools, etc. - either selling things or providing services that people need.

Sadly, the story of Europe is not all about great achievements we can be proud of. There are also many things to be ashamed of. Down the centuries, European nations fought terrible wars against each other. These wars were usually about power and property or religion.

European colonists killed millions of native people on other continents - by fighting or mistreating them or by accidentally spreading European diseases among them. Europeans also took millions of Africans to work as slaves.

Lessons had to be learnt from these dreadful wrongdoings. The European slave trade was abolished in the 1800s. Colonies gained their freedom in the 1900s. And peace did come to Europe at last.

To find out how, read the chapter called 'The story of the European Union: Bringing the family together'.

Regrettably, there have been many quarrels in the European family. Often they were about who should rule a country or which country owned which piece of land. Sometimes a ruler wanted to gain more power by conquering his neighbours or to prove that his people were stronger and better than other peoples.

One way or another, for hundreds of years, there were terrible wars in Europe. In the 20th century, two big wars started on this continent but spread and involved countries all around the world. That is why they are called 'world wars'. They killed millions of people and left Europe poor and in ruins.

Could anything be done to stop these things happening again? Would Europeans ever learn to sit down together and discuss things instead of fighting?

The answer is 'yes'.

That's the story of our next chapter: the story of the European Union.

We Europeans belong to many different countries, with different languages, traditions, customs and beliefs. Yet we belong together, like a big family, for all sorts of reasons.

Here are some of them:

The Second World War ended in 1945. It had been a time of terrible destruction and killing and it had started in Europe. How could the leaders of European countries stop such dreadful things from ever happening again? They needed a really good plan that had never been tried before.

A Frenchman called Jean Monnet thought hard about this. He realised that there were two things a country needed before it could make war: iron for producing steel (to make tanks, guns, bombs and so on) and coal to provide the energy for factories and railways. Europe had plenty of coal and steel: that's why European countries had easily been able to make weapons and go to war.

So Jean Monnet came up with a very daring new idea. His idea was that the governments of France and Germany - and perhaps of other European countries too - should no longer run their own coal and steel industries. Instead, these industries should be organised by people from all the countries involved and they would sit around a table and discuss and decide things together. That way, war between them would be impossible!

Jean Monnet felt that his plan really would work if only European leaders were willing to try it. He spoke about it to his friend Robert Schuman, who was a minister in the French government. Robert Schuman thought it was a brilliant idea and he announced it in an important speech on 9 May 1950.

The speech convinced not only the French and German leaders but also the leaders of Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. They all decided to put their coal and steel industries together and to form a club they called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It would work for peaceful purposes and help rebuild Europe from the ruins of war. The ECSC was set up in 1951.

The six countries got on so well working together that they soon decided to start another club, called the European Economic Community (EEC). It was set up in 1957.

'Economic' means 'to do with the economy' - in other words, to do with money, business, jobs and trade.

One of the main ideas was that the EEC countries would share a 'common market', to make it easier to trade together. Until then, lorries and trains and barges carrying goods from one country to another always had to stop at the border and papers had to be checked and money called 'customs duties' had to be paid. This held things up and made goods from abroad more expensive.

The point of having a common market was to get rid of all those border checks and delays and customs duties, and to allow countries to trade with one another just as if they were all one single country.

The Second World War had made it very difficult for Europe to produce food or to import it from other continents. Europe was short of food even in the early 1950s. So the EEC decided on an arrangement for paying its farmers to produce more food and to make sure that they could earn a decent living from the land.

This arrangement was called the 'common agricultural policy' (or CAP). It worked well. So well, in fact, that farmers ended up producing too much food and the arrangement had to be changed! Nowadays, the CAP also pays farmers to look after the countryside.

From EEC to European Union

The common market was soon making life easier for people in the EEC.

They had more money to spend, more food to eat and more varied things in their shops. Other neighbouring countries saw this and, in the 1960s, some of them began asking whether they too could join the club.

After years of discussions, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom* joined in 1973. It was the turn of Greece in 1981, followed by Portugal and Spain in 1986 and Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995.

So now the club had 15 members.

Over these years, the club was changing. By the end of 1992 it had finished building the 'single market' (as it became known) and it was doing a lot more besides. For example, EEC countries were working together to protect the environment and to build better roads and railways right across Europe. Richer countries helped poorer ones with their road building and other important projects.

To make life easier for travellers, most EEC countries had got rid of passport checks at the borders between them. A person living in one member country was free to go and live and find work in any other member country. The governments were discussing other new ideas too - for example, how policemen from different countries could help one another catch criminals, drug smugglers and terrorists.

In short, the club was so different and so much more united that, in 1992, it decided to change its name to the 'European Union' (EU).

Bringing the family together

Meanwhile, exciting things were happening beyond the EU's borders. For many years, the eastern and western parts of Europe had been kept apart. The rulers in the eastern part believed in a system of government called 'Communism', which resulted in a hard life for the population there. People were oppressed and many of those who spoke up against the regime were sent to prison.

When more and more people fled from the east to the west, rulers in the east became afraid. They erected tall fences and high walls, like the one in Berlin, to prevent people from leaving their countries. Many who tried to cross the border without permission were shot. The separation was so powerful that it was often described as an 'Iron Curtain'.

Finally, in 1989, the separation ended. The Berlin Wall was knocked down and the 'Iron Curtain' ceased to exist. Soon, Germany was reunited. The peoples of the central and eastern parts of Europe chose for themselves new governments that got rid of the old, strict Communist system.

They were free at last! It was a wonderful time of celebration.

The countries that had gained freedom began asking whether they could join the European Union and soon there was quite a queue of 'candidate' countries waiting to become EU members.

Before a country can join the European Union, its economy has to be working well. It also has to be democratic - in other words, its people must be free to choose who they want to govern them. And it must respect human rights. Human rights include the right to say what you think, the right not to be put in prison without a fair trial, the right not to be tortured and many other important rights as well.

The former Communist countries worked hard at all these things and, after a few years, eight of them were ready: Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.

They joined the EU on 1 May 2004, along with two Mediterranean islands - Cyprus and Malta. On 1 January 2007, two more former Communist countries, Bulgaria and Romania, joined the group. Croatia joined the EU on 1 July 2013, bringing the total to 28 countries.

Never before have so many countries joined the EU in such a short time. This is a real 'family reunion', bringing together the eastern, central and western parts of Europe.

In June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, and in 2020, the total number of EU countries stood at 27.

The EU tries to make life better in all sorts of ways.
Here are some of them.

The environment belongs to everyone, so countries have to work together to protect it. The EU has rules about stopping pollution and about protecting (for example) wild birds. These rules apply in all EU countries and their governments have to make sure they are obeyed.

Climate change - also known as global warming - is another problem that countries cannot tackle alone. EU countries have therefore agreed to work together to lower the amount of emissions they produce that harm the atmosphere and cause global warming. The EU is also trying to influence other countries to do the same.

In years gone by, each country in Europe had its own kind of money, or 'currency'. Now there is one single currency, the euro, which all EU countries can introduce if they are ready for it. Having one currency makes it easier to do business and to travel and shop all over the EU without having to change from one currency to another. It also makes the economy more stable in times of crisis. Today, 19 countries use the euro as their currency. Today, 19 countries use the euro as their currency.

If you compare euro coins you will see that on one side there is a design representing the country it was made in. The other side is the same for all the countries.

People in the EU are free to live, work or study in whichever EU country they choose and the EU is doing all it can to make it simple to move home from one country to another. When you cross the borders between most EU countries, you no longer need to show your passport. The EU encourages students and young people to spend some time studying or training in another European country.

It's important for people to have jobs that they enjoy and are good at. Some of the money they earn goes to pay for hospitals and schools and to look after the elderly. That's why the EU is doing all it can to create new and better jobs for everyone who can work. It helps people to set up new businesses and provides money to train people to do new kinds of work.

Life is not easy for everyone everywhere in Europe. In some places there are not enough jobs for people because mines or factories have closed down. In some areas, farming is hard because of the climate or trade is difficult because there are not enough roads and railways.

The EU tackles these problems by collecting money from all its member countries and using it to help regions that are in difficulty. For example, it helps pay for new roads and rail links and it helps businesses to provide new jobs for people.

In many countries around the world, people are dying or living difficult lives because of war, disease and natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts or floods. Often these countries do not have enough money to build the schools and hospitals, roads and houses that their people need.

The EU gives money to these countries and sends teachers, doctors, engineers and other experts to work there to help improve people's lives. It also buys many things that those countries produce without charging customs duties.

That way, the poor countries can earn more money.

The European Union has brought many European countries together in friendship. Of course, they don't always agree on everything but, instead of fighting, their leaders sit together round a table to sort out their disagreements.
So the dream of Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman has come true.
The EU has brought peace among its members. It is also working for lasting peace among its neighbours and in the wider world.

We have talked about some of the things the EU does: there are many more. In fact, being in the European Union makes a difference to just about every aspect of our lives. What things should the EU be doing or not doing? That's for the people in the EU to decide. How can we have our say? Find out in the next chapter.

Europe has its own flag and its own anthem - Ode to Joy from Beethoven's ninth symphony. The original words are in German, but when used as the European anthem it has no words - only the tune. You can hear it on the internet

The countries are in alphabetical order according to what each country is called in its own language or languages (as shown in brackets).

Flag

Country

Capital city

Population

Cyprus
(Κύπρος/Kypros)
(Kıbrıs)

Nicosia
(Λευκωσία/Lefkosia)
(Lefkoşa)

0.9 million

Population figures are for January 2019. Source: Eurostat
As you can imagine, it takes a lot of effort by a lot of people to organise the EU and make everything work. Who does what?

The European Parliament represents all the people in the EU. It holds a big meeting every month, in Strasbourg (France), to discuss and decide the new laws being proposed by the European Commission. It consists of members from all EU countries. Based on their size, the large countries have more members than the small ones.

The members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are chosen every 5 years, in an election when all the adult citizens of the EU get the chance to vote. By choosing our MEP, and by talking to him or her, we can have a say in what the EU decides to do.

This is where all the leaders of the EU countries get together regularly at 'summit meetings', to talk about how things are going in Europe and to set the strategy for Europe. They don't discuss things in great detail, such as how to word new laws.

New laws for Europe have to be discussed by government ministers from all the EU countries, not only by the members of the European Parliament. When the ministers meet together they are called 'the Council'.

After discussing a proposal, the Council votes on it. There are rules about how many votes each country has and how many are needed to pass a law. In some cases, the rule says the Council has to be in complete agreement.

Once the Council and the Parliament have passed a new law, EU countries have to respect it.

In Brussels, a group of women and men (one from each EU country) meets every Wednesday to discuss what needs to be done next. These people are put forward by the government of their country and approved by the European Parliament.

They are called 'Commissioners', and together they make up the European Commission. Their job is to think about what would be best for the EU as a whole, and to propose new laws for the EU. These laws are then approved by both the European Parliament and the Council.

In their work they are helped by experts, lawyers, secretaries, translators and so on. They run the daily work of the European Union.

If a country doesn't apply the law properly, the European Commission will warn it and may complain about it to the Court of Justice, in Luxembourg. The Court's job is to make sure that EU laws are respected and are applied in the same way everywhere. It has one judge from each EU country.

There are other groups of people (committees of experts and so on) involved in taking decisions in the EU, because it's important to get them right.

One of the challenges facing Europe today is to make sure that young people can have jobs and a good future.

There are other big problems today which can only be tackled by countries around the world working together, for example:

international crime and terrorism;

hunger and poverty;

pollution and climate change.

The European Union is working on these challenges, but it's not always easy for so many different governments and the European Parliament to agree.

What's more, many people feel that just voting for their MEP once every 5 years doesn't give them much of a say in what gets decided in Brussels or Strasbourg.

So we need to make sure that everyone can have their say in what the European Union decides.

How can we do that? Do you have any good ideas? What are the most important problems you think the EU should be dealing with and what would you like it to do about them?

Why not discuss and jot down your ideas with your teacher and your classmates and send them to your MEP? You can find out who he or she is and where to write to them on the following website.

You can also contact the European Commission or Parliament at one of the addresses at the end of this book and perhaps even arrange for your class to visit these two institutions.

We are today's European children: before long we'll be Europe's adults.

Europe: a beautiful continent with a fascinating history. It has produced many of the world's famous scientists, inventors, artists and composers, as well as popular entertainers and successful sports people.
For centuries Europe was plagued by wars and divisions. But in the last 60 years and more, the countries of this old continent have at last been coming together in peace, friendship and unity, to work for a better Europe and a better world.
This book for children (aged roughly 9 to 12 years old) tells the story simply and clearly. Full of interesting facts and colourful illustrations, it gives a lively overview of Europe and explains briefly what the European Union is and how it works.

Go to Learning Corner

You'll find lots of fun quizzes and games to test your knowledge!

Have fun exploring!

(Hint: you can find the answers to all these questions in this publication)

Want to play games, test your knowledge and explore Europe further?
Go to Learning Corner

1. Seven (Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Asia and Australia/Oceania) / 2. France and Italy / 3. Migration / 4. Irrigation / 5. Salmon, mussels, oysters, clams / 6. Government by the people / 7. Coal / 8. The French Revolution / 9. 1940s / 10. 19 / 11. Luxembourg / 12. Every 5 years

Many of the world's great artists, composers, entertainers, inventors, scientists and sports people have come from Europe. We mentioned some of them in earlier chapters. We can't possibly include all of them in this book, so here are just 40 more names, in alphabetical order and from various European countries.

Carmen Kass

Fashion model and businesswoman: Estonia

She has featured on the cover of Vogue magazine and posed in campaigns for brands such as Chanel and Gucci. She also ran as a candidate for the European Parliament.

A PUBLICATION AND EDUCATIONAL ONLINE GAME FOR CHILDREN AGED 9-12
I. AIMS

To promote an interest in Europe and the EU among young people aged 9-12.

To inform young people about key aspects of life in Europe.

To make young people aware of Europe's common history and development.

To place the establishment and development of the EU in this context.

II. CONTENT

Separate chapters present key aspects of Europe and European life in words and pictures, as follows.

A continent to discover: relief map of highest mountains, largest lakes and longest rivers.

Getting around: rail and road, longest tunnels and bridges, and air and space travel.

Languages in Europe: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, other origin and minority languages, and Roma.

Climate and nature: temperature, climate change, animal and bird migration, and seasons.

Farming: crops, animals, irrigation, and enjoying the countryside.

The sea: coastlines, fish and marine mammals, trade routes and fishing, conservation and protection.

A journey through time: Stone, Bronze and Iron ages, Ancient Greece, Roman Empire, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, discoveries and ideas, modern world, colonialism and slavery, from war to peace.

The story of the European Union: from the European Coal and Steel Community to the enlargement post-1989.

What the EU does: climate change and the environment, the euro, freedom of movement, jobs and training, regional support, helping poor countries, and peace making.

How the EU takes decisions: EU functioning and institutions.

Tomorrow ... and beyond: enhancing democratic involvement among Europe's citizens.

Forty famous faces, A to Z; a map showing the EU and its neighbours; the Let's explore Europe! quiz; and useful links for pupils and teachers.

III. CURRICULAR THEMES

Geography: Types of landscape; influence of climate; drawing conclusions from evidence; use of maps; location and local conditions; physical and man-made features in the environment; human impact on the environment; sustainable development.

History: Placing people, events and changes into correct periods of time; use of dates and time-related vocabulary; knowledge of beliefs, attitudes and experiences of people in the past; investigation of causes and consequences of change; change and continuity; interpretation of the past.

Modern foreign languages: Reading, speaking and listening skills; meaningful communication; appreciation of differences and similarities; appreciation of other countries and cultures.

Social and civic competence: Responsibility in personal and public domains; democracy; rights and responsibilities; preparing to play an active role as citizens; ethnic identity; individual and collective choice and use of resources.

Mathematics: Population data; length and area.

Science: Geology; astronomy; evolution.

Technology and design: Use of tools; inventions; wind energy.

IV. EXAMPLES OF POSSIBLE CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

Geography

Select a river and discuss its role in the evaporation-condensation-precipitation-collection water cycle. Identify key features of a river and draw a diagram to illustrate them, then use these or the water cycle for a game where children match definition cards to word cards. Use Google Earth to view images of European rivers.

Ask which European countries pupils have visited and if they have noticed any significant differences in the geography, landscape or climate, etc.

Investigate positive and negative effects of transport and tourism in a European city or coastal area. Role-play journalists and investigate (e.g. by devising a questionnaire) why more or fewer people are visiting that city or coastal area.

History

Choose a famous European person and ask pupils to write an 'A day in the life of ...' blog for others to see.

Discuss the Greek or Roman legacy in your country. Design and make a board game, for example 'Snakes and ladders' using Roman numerals or a Greek or Roman version of 'Monopoly'.

Discuss how your great-grandparents lived during the Second World War. Do you think that after WWII they were able to make friends with people they had been at war with?

Modern foreign languages

Make a simple tourist leaflet/guide for a European seaside town in another language. Record a TV advert or make a brochure encouraging people to visit that town.

Find Let's explore Europe! in the foreign language that you are learning. Translate a section of the booklet into your own language and compare with the published version. (The publication has been published in 24 language versions, all of which can be found on the website).

Mathematics

By using the map, investigate distances between cities and countries using different scales. Investigate the time taken to cover the distance with different types of transport.

Make a treasure map of a European city or country and give different grid references to find the treasure.

Science

Investigate the durability and permeability of rocks. What sort of stone was used to make some of our famous city statues and why?

Technology

Use materials and artefacts to design an object that is symbolic of your city or country, or construct a model of a famous landmark.

European Commission

Directorate-General for Communication, 2020
Editorial Service and Targeted Outreach Unit

Reproduction is authorised.
Europa
Information about the EU, in all 24 official EU languages:
europa.eu
Learning Corner
Teaching material, games and much more about the European Union and its activities, for teachers, children and teenagers:
europa.eu/learning-corner
Europe Direct
EU information centres located throughout Europe. You can ask your questions by freephone (00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11) or by email, or visit a centre near you:
europa.eu/european-union/contact_en
The history of the European Union
Information and videos about the history of the EU:

Your Europe
Help and advice for EU nationals and their families:
europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/index_en.htm

This booklet 'Let's explore Europe!' and accompanying teachers' guide are available at:
europa.eu/learning-corner
https://op.europa.eu/en/publications

European Commission
Directorate-General for Communication
Editorial Service and Targeted Outreach
1049 Brussels
BELGIUM

Manuscript updated in January 2020
Illustrations: Birte Cordes and Ronald Köhler

Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union, 2020

Identifiers

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Europe is one of the world's seven continents. The others are Africa, North and South America, Antarctica, Asia and Australia/Oceania. Europe stretches all the way from the Arctic in the north to the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural Mountains (in Russia) in the east.

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The capital of Slovenia is Liubliana.

The flag of Slovenia is white, blue and red and between white and blue bands is the Coat of arms of Slovenia.

The official language in Slovenia is Slovenian but they also speak Hungarian and Italian.

The currency is the euro.

Religion: the majority of the population is of Roman Catholic Religion.

Culture:

Gastronomy: some typical dishes are: sausage (Kranjska Klobasa), slovenian bread (Belokranjska pogača), dough with filling (Štruklji), bean turnip and onion soup (Jota), meat and potato stew (Bograč), cheese and potato omelette (Frika), flour with pork rinds (Žganci),
puff pastry cake with custard and vanilla (Kremna Rezina), slovenian breakfast (Potica)...

Literature: the most important writers were: the poet France Prešeren (1800-1849) and  the writer Ivan Cankar (1876-1918). Other famous writers are: Vladimir Bartol, Srečko Kosovel , Edvard Kocbek, Boris Pahor, Dane Zajc, Tomaž Šalamun, Aleš Debeljak and Drago Jančar.
Art: the most important painters were: Ivana Kobilca, Anton Ažbe, Rihard Jakopič and Avgust Černigoj.
Architecture: the most important architects were: Jože Plečnik, Max Fabiani, Ivan Vurnik and Vladimir Šubic.
Music: the most important musicians and composers were: Jacobus Gallus, Bojan Adamič, Slavko Avsenik, musical group Laibach, Vlado Kreslin, Zoran
Predin...
Cinema: the most important actors were: Karol Grossmann, Veličan Bešter, Božidar Jakac, Janko Ravnik, Ferdo Delak, France Štiglic, Mirko Grobler, Igor Pretnar, France Kosmač, Jože Pogačnik, Matjaž Klopčič, Jane Kavčič, Jože Gale, Boštjan Hladnik and Karpo Godina. The most important film directors nowadays are: Janez Burger, Jan Cvitkovič, Damjan Kozole, Janez Lapajne and Maja Weiss.
Slovenian academics: the most important were: the chemist Fritz Pregl, the physicists Josef Stefan and Anton Marko Plenčič, the philosophers Slavoj Žižek, Mladen Dolar, Alenka Zupančič and Milan Komar, the linguists Fran Miklošič and Jernej Kopitar, the sociologists Thomas Luckmann and Jože Pučnik, the mathematician Jurij Vega, the rocket engineer and cosmonautics pioneer Herman Potočnik.​
I found this information in different websites of Internet (Google).
MADE BY DUNIA HURTADO LARA.
In this audio you  learn more things of Slovenia.

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-which is the capital?
The capital of Germany is Berlin.

-What is the typical food?
Würstchen: sausages.
Brezel: brezel.
Sauerkraut :cabbage.
Kartoffelbrei: mashed of potatoes.

-What is famous for?
Germany is famous for many things, the cars, the bear and for been the third country with the most tourism.

-What is the population?
There is approximately 83.157.000 of population.

- How is the currency:
The currency is in euros.

-Who is the president?
The president of Germany is Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

-Which are the most important cities?
Berlín, Hamburgo,Munich and Colonia.

By: Verona Alserawan Braojos.

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Its capital is Lisbon and the official language is Portuguese. Its flag is green and red and it has a shield. The best known Portuguese style of music is fado. It has a very good climate and 850 km of beaches washed by the Atlantic Ocean. This country with is cosmopolitan cities and the beauty of its beaches is known as " The Garden by the Ocean". Some typical dishes of Portugal are baked cod, grilled sardines, bifanas etc.
Its cobbled streets with steep slopes and yellow trams are also very typical.

created by Álvaro

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The capital of Finlandia is Helsinki.

There are an example of the flag of Finlandia, it is white and blue.

The official languages of this country are Sedish and Finnish.

Its currency is the euro like Spain.

About five and half millions inhabitants live there.

TYPICAL MEALS: rye bread, potatoes, beets or salmon.

AN INTERESTING VIDEO OF FINLANDIA: https://youtu.be/ZXVU3Lbgt9Y

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The capital of países bajos its Amsterdam

The current population it's 17.407.585 inhabitants

The example of the flag its red white and blue

The popular gastronomy its:The beschuit, Leerdamer, Roomano, mimolette, oliebollen and  broodje Haring.

The official language its dutch

The currency its the euro

An interesting video of paises bajos: https://youtu.be/w_YTAUCAnGw.

Made by mariux

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GRECE
It is one of the twenty-seven sovereign states that make up the European Union.The country has around eleven million inhabitants that make up a very homogeneous society, where Greek is mainly spoken and Orthodox Christianity is practiced.
Athens, the capital, is the most populous city in the country and the second is Thessaloniki. Other cities such as Piraeus, Patras, Heraklion and Larissa, are political, economic and cultural centers at the regional level.
CULTURE
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning with Mycenaean Greece and passing most notably through classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its eastern continuation, the Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture.
GASTRONOMY
Greek cuisine is cited as an example of the Mediterranean diet. It has Italian, Balkan and Turkish influenc. Vegetables are among the most used ingredients in Greek gastronomy, mainly tomato, eggplant, potato, green beans, onion, pepper and spinach. Lamb meat is the most widely used, second only to fish in coastal areas. Olive oil is used to cook and dress most dishes. Different types of cheeses are prepared from goat's milk, such as feta, kefalotyri, kasseri and mizithra.303 It is also used to make the Greek yogurt, which has gained international popularity for being creamier and denser than other varieties of yogurt, as well as being used for making soups, salads, main dishes and desserts.
ARCHITECTURE
The remains of Ancient Greek architecture still survive or are well documented. The ancient Greeks developed three primary architectural styles, called "classical orders": the sober and solid Doric, the refined and decorative Ionic, and the elegant and ornate Corinthian.
SPORTS
Greece is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. The two most popular sports in Greece are soccer and basketball. There is a Greek professional tennis player named Stéfanos Tsitsipás.

Information taken from wikipedia.

By Mario Montaña

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-The Czech Republic's flag has 3 colors : white , blue and red.
-His capital is Prague (is the largest city).
-The temperate is continental climate and oceanic.
-Is a unitary parliamentary republic.
-The Czech Republic has 14 regions.
-The official language is Czech.
-The population in 2020 estimate is 10,707,839.
-The art :For example, the Venus of Dolní Vestonice is the treasure of prehistoric art.
-The architecture : Preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date back to the time of the Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries. The oldest churches were built in the Romanesque style and Gothic style.
-The literature : Franz Kafka was a famous writer. The antiwar comedy novel "The good Soldier Svejk" is the most translated Czech is history.
-Is famous for Czech beer and wine.
-A typical food (for examples): Knedlíky and Goulash.
-This is a video of the 10 places to visit. https://youtu.be/DaHgJP1MbtA
- Made by : Ana Isabel Serna Espinosa.
-Number : 24.
-The information is of Wikipedia.
-The photos of pinterest.
-The video is for the YouTube.

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BELGICA
•It is one of the 27 sovereign states that make up the European Union. It is located in northwestern Europe.

· Its capital and the most populous conurbation is Brussels while its most populous city (municipality) is Antwerp.

· It is a multilingual state with three official languages: Dutch, French, German.

· Belgium's culture is influenced by Flamingos and Francophones. Belgium, known for its excellent mussels, fries and delicious chocolate, was once popular for its traditional cuisine, but today it has international influences, especially Mediterranean and Oriental cuisine.

· Typical dishes: Mussels with potatoes, eel, rabbit, carbonade, meatballs, stoemp, endives, givier .....

· Painting: Belgium has also given famous painters in various eras such as René Magritte, Rubens, Brueghel, Van Dijck, Paul Delvaux, James Ensor, Félicien Rops or Léon Spilliaert.

· Traditions of Belgium. Boombal Festival It is the most appreciated folk dance festival in Belgium, traditional folk music, written by the best local composers, is presented here. Boombal Festival's various stalls offer some of the best vegetarian dishes of local cuisine.

•Folklore lovers from all over the world come here to witness this incredible presentation of traditional folk music and dance. During the festival, the whole place lights up with colorful lights and people gather around bonfires.

i found the information in wikipedia.
By Sara Arroyo <3

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-It is a state without a coastline, surrounded by Germany, Belgium and France. Luxembourg has a population of 636,000.
-It is one of the 27 sovereign states that make up the European Union.
- The government of Luxembourg is a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy.
-It has a highly developed economy.
-It has diverse cultures and traditions.
-The country has three official languages: Luxembourgish, French and German.
-Luxembourg is the seventh smallest country in Europe.
-The relief has two distinct regions: in the north, called Oesling.
- In the south, Gutland.
-The climate is oceanic.
-The Dancing Procession of Terminacho is one of its remarkable traditions.
- Bouneschlupp is one of its most important dishes.
https://youtu.be/_iS6tqc6mTM
Made by Natalia Ramírez Paraíso

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-It is the largest country in the European Union.
-Its capital is Paris.
- Its flag is blue,white and red.
-In 2019 its population was 67,6 millions.
-In France summers are warm and winters are cold.
-The traditional food is:
Crepes,algiot,ratatouille ect.
Made by: Celia Martínez Villena .
- The information is of Wikipedia .

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-It’s capital is Varsovia  its population of
1 793 579 million people, making it the fifth most populous country in the EU
- It’s flag  is made up of two horizontal stripes the colors of the Polish flag come from the national coat of arms: the white stripe represents the white eagle and the crimson stripe, the color of the field of the shield.
-TYPICAL DISHES:
Pierogi (Polish meatballs)
Grillowany oscypek (Polish cheese)
Czarny las. It is a cake that has cream cream, chocolate cream and candied cherries and at the end chocolate cake
-the only language that the polish peolpe speak is polish

CULTURE:
- Music : The musicians of Poland, including famous composers like Chopin or Penderecki, Poland also produced famous pianists like Arthur Rubinstein, In the 19th century the most popular composers were: Józef Elsner and his students Frédéric Chopin and Ignacy Dobrzyński. The important opera composers of the time were Karol Kurpiński and Stanisław Moniuszko while the list of famous soloists and composers included Henryk Wieniawski and Juliusz Zarebski. In the mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries the most prominent composers were Wladyslaw Zelenski and Mieczysław Karłowicz, along with Karol Szymanowski, the latter gaining importance before World War II, Alexandre Tansman living in Paris, but with strong connections with Poland, Witold Lutoslawski , Henryk Górecki and Krzysztof Penderecki, and Andrzej Panufnik.
Art: Some famous painters are:
- Ewa Juszkiewicz's
- Józef Chełmoński
- Julian Fałat
RELIGION: Poland was a religiously diverse society, in which major Jewish, Orthodox Christian, Protestant, and Catholic groups coexisted. In the second Polish republic, Catholicism was the dominant religion, declared by 65% of Polish citizens, followed by other Christian denominations, and around 3% of believers in Judaism.
one of the most influential people in the Catholic religion in Poland was Karol Wojtyla thanks to him more Polish They converted as Catholics were persecuted in Poland
Saint John Paul II was the first non-Roman pontiff, he was the 264th successor, his papacy began on October 16, 1978 until his death on April 2, 2005,

I found this information in Wikipedia
The Photo is from Pinterest

By Mª Nazaret

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•Is a southern European country
•Is a part of the European Union
•Its capital is Rome
•Italian gastronomy is very popular all over the world , Its typical dishes are pizza,pasta and risotto
•Other traditional desserts are ice cream , better known as gelato , tiramisu and Baba from Naples  , and the typical drinks of Italy is limoncello
•The most important cities in Italy are Venice  , Milan , Rome , Florence , Turin and Naples

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Austria , with a population of 8.901.064
The capital of Austria is Viena
The most typical dishes are Platzchen or Kekse (various Vanillekipferl sweet vainilla cookies with walnuts, almonds or helznuts) Apfelstrudel a type of puff pastry dessert with apple
It has belonged to the European Union since 1995 , politically constituted as a federal parliamentary republic
Austria It has participated in 27 editions of the Summer Olympic Games, its first presence took place in Athens 1896.
Mozart . Consideret one of the most influental and outstanding musicians in history, he is surley the most famous Austrian in the world
Haydn . Know as the father of the symphony and the father of the string quaret thanks to this imporrtant contributions to both generes.
Schubert
Bruckner
Johann Strauss
CREATED BUY ESTHER APIO RUIZ

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Is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and soutwest. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country ‘s primary subdivision, with twenty counties . Croatia has 56,594 squares kilometres and a population of 4.07 million

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CAPITAL:
The capital of cyprus is Nicosia in the south os Haspolat and north of Stovolos, in the north of Cyprus, with 239.277 of population.
FLAG:
The flag of Cyprus measure is 2:3 meters, this flag is adopted on August 16, 1960 and readopted on April 24, 2006, the colors of the flag are white, cooper and green.
- The cooper silhoutte represent the island of Cyprus and is cooper because of the appreciation they have for this metal.
-The white background and the olive branches represent peace.
The desing of the flag represent a sketch of the country os Cyprus on twin olive branches  in a white fiel.
CUlTURE:
TYPICAL FOOD AND DISHES:
FOOD:
-Meze        -Italloumi
-Kebabs    - Kleftiko.
-Louvi        -Kolokasi
DISHES:
-Flaounes   -Souvlaki
-Harise       -Baklava
MUSIC:
The traditional music of Cyprus has several elements in common with Greek, Turkish and Arabic music. Influence by Greece and Turkey dances such as the sousta, kartsilamas....; as wellas from the middle east inspired by tsifteteli and arapie.
ART:
Ancient Cypriot art refers to all works of visual art originating from Cyprus in the eastern mediterranean. Durning this period various types of objets were produced such as household, jewerly and decorative figures. This range of art testifies to the mix of both native and foreing influences from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome as successively occupied the country. The works of art produced in ancient Cyprus incorporate almost all visual art media worked in an ancient history, including terracotta, stone, 2 metals, glass and precious stones.
RELIGION:
The majority religion among Cypriot of Turkish origins Islamism; among thoso of Greek origin, Orthodox Christianity. Cyprus has its own National Orthodox Ghrch.
THIS INFORMATION IS FOR WIKIPEDIA AND THE IMAGE OF
SERES Blog.
BY SARA CARRETERO

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https://youtu.be/N1-Jmq7BLFE

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- Bulgaria is a Balkan  nation with a diverse terrain surrounding the Black Sea coast , a montainous interior , and rivers, including the Danube.

- It is a cultural melting pot with a Greek ,slavic, Ottoman and Persian influences, and has a rich tradition of dance, music, costume and crafts.

- At the foot of mount Vitosha, which is shaped like a dome, is the capital city, Sofia , which dates back to the 5th century BC.

- Bulgarian cuisine is representative of the gastronomy of the Balkans, having traces of Turkish cuisine, Greek cuisine and Arabic cuisine, you can find to a lesser extent influeneces of Italian cuisine and Hungarian cuisine.

- Official language: Bulgarian.

I found  this information in Wikipedia.

By Cristina Carrasco Becerra.

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The Bulgarian flag consist of three horizontal stripes of the same size in white the upper one, green the middle one and red the lower one. White represents peace, green represents the fertility of the bulgarian lands , and red represents the courage of the people.

By : Cristina Carrasco Becerra.

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📹Estonian capital is tallinEstonia's population is 1,327 million in 2019the official language of Estonia is Estonian.the Estonian or Estonian language is a fine-ugria language spoken by around 1,100,000 people who mostly live in Estonia. There are also small Estonian-speaking communities in Latvia and Russiatypical estonian dishes are :Rye breadKiluvoileib (fish sandwich)Kohuke (curd sweet)Mulgipuder (potato puree and barley oats)Verivorst (Estonian black pudding)Vastlakukkel (Estonian bun)

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📹Estonian capital is tallinEstonia's population is 1,327 million in 2019the official language of Estonia is Estonian.the Estonian or Estonian language is a fine-ugria language spoken by around 1,100,000 people who mostly live in Estonia. There are also small Estonian-speaking communities in Latvia and Russiatypical estonian dishes are :Rye breadKiluvoileib (fish sandwich)Kohuke (curd sweet)Mulgipuder (potato puree and barley oats)Verivorst (Estonian black pudding)Vastlakukkel (Estonian bun)

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by Aitor

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By Sara C

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by Sara C

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Made by : Ana Isabel Serna Espinosa.

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By Eneko

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by sara arroyo lara :(

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By Natalia Ramírez Paraíso

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Made by: Celia Martínez Villena

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The capital is Dublin.

Republican of ireland has a 4,9 million.

The san Patrick,s day is the most important party.

The traditional dishes of country are salmón, chowder seafood, whisky and chocolate cake...

Who use the euro currency.

The flag of the republic of ireland is green, white and Orange.

It is a parliamentary republic With an electrod president who acts as head of state. The head of governement , the taoiseach, is appointed by the lower house of parliament.
Achieved its effective independence from the United kingdom in 1922, following a War of indepencence That ended with the singing of the Anglo-irish treaty ,while Northern Ireland chose to remain in the United kingdom.

Information taken with wikipedia.

By: Alonso Negrillo :)

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Spain is a Western European country and part of the African continent . Is composed of autonomous cities and is a member of the European Union .
In Europe , Spain occupies the Iberian Peninsula better known as mainland Spain and the Balearic Island . It includes autonomous regions with various geographical and cultural characteristics .
The capital of Spain is Madrid and Spain has 46.468.102 inhabitants . The most famous typical food is potato omelette . An example is in Valencia , the typical food are paella , rice a band , esgarraet ...
The best known worldwide among Spanish folk traditions are flamenco and bulls . Also in the elements of Spanish culture stand out the breeding of animals , European products , agricultural technologies and the Catholic religion .

CLAUDIA LAÍN

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By Maria Nazaret Salinas Lomas

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-𝘊𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘺 𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘌𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩: 𝘋𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘬

-𝘊𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘬 𝘪𝘴: 𝘊𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘩𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯

-𝘋𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘬 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘬 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘢𝘭 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘨𝘦. 𝘚𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘋𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘴, 𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘺, 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘣𝘦𝘵𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘱𝘦𝘰𝘱𝘭𝘦, 𝘵𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦, 𝘧𝘳𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘰𝘮, 𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘦.

-𝘛𝘪𝘱𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘰𝘧 𝘋𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘬: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘰𝘳𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘥

-𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘴 𝘰𝘧𝘧 𝘞𝘪𝘬𝘪𝘱𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘢

𝘉𝘺: 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘢 𝘋𝘦 𝘓𝘢𝘴 𝘍𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘗𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘦 ;)

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By Aitor
httpsttps://youtu.be/sh7W3kudseg

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By Aitor

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Claudia Laín

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By Mario Montaña

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https://youtu.be/rGv5VMO0qgE