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Edelman, S. K. (2012). Understanding ultrasound physics (4th ed.). Esp.

https://quizlet.com/54795236/types-of-ultrasound-transducers-flash-cards/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6208471/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUUQcZLMrcA

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Sequential arrays have a greater footprint than phased arrays, although vector transducers have a smaller footprint. As a result, they can be used in a variety of situations.

Vector arrays can also be arranged in a  1 ½ D array

Vector transducers combine both principles by phasing tiny groups of elements while successively traveling over the transducer face. ( Linear sequential and phased array). Being able to steer beams in multiple directions.

The elevational resolution is improved when the vector array is arranged in a  1 ½ D  D pattern.

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Number of crystals and shape: rectangular, 200

Focusing: electronic

Steer: electronic

Image shape:  trapezoidal

Element damage: poor steering and focusing

Commonly used:  Abdominal, Vascular, OB/GYN, & Cardiac

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The convex transducer, also known as a curved linear sequential array, is a modern transducer that can be utilized in a variety of applications. The crystals are arranged in a 1D array and are convex, meaning they bow outward.

The crystals are arranged side by side, similar to the linear sequence but on a curved surface. The edges of the transducer are curved outward to create a large field of view since the sound travels directly from the transducer surface. In the near field, the greater footprint of this transducer creates a larger field of view than the sector. While no steering is utilized in B-mode or color Doppler mode, a small amount of Phasing can be used to create a "wide scan" image.

The linear sequential array transducer features multi-focus capability and configurable focal points. This will improve the transducer's lateral resolution. A lens is used to achieve elevational resolution, which is fixed.

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Number of crystals and shape: rectangular, 200-300

Focusing: electronic

Steer: electronic

Image shape: blunted sector

Element damage: vertical drop out

Commonly used:  Abdominal, Vascular & OB/GYN

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The annular array transducer is also mostly outdated now, but it had two significant advantages over the single element mechanical transducer.

It included extra features that could be used to add more focus for better lateral and elevational resolution, as well as a change in depth of vision.

In the same way as a mechanical transducer, the image is created by moving the concentric rings to a different location for each scan line.

The pulse must be sent only once for each concentric ring in use.

The innermost center ring creates the shallowest focus on this area and is responsible for forming the near-field image. The next ring is used to generate the next deeper part of the image with its own focus if the depth is adjusted deeper. If the machine is set to maximum depth and contains four rings, each scan line will require four pulses.

For this attribute, annular transducers have a superior lateral and elevational resolution but poor temporal resolution.

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Number of crystals and shape: disc-like,5

Focusing: fixed (achieved electronically)

Steer: Mechanical

Image shape:  sector

Element damage: horizontal drop Out

Commonly used:  Cardiac

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The phased array transducer is a modern transducer with a smaller footprint that is suitable for cardiac applications. It's laid out in a 1D array.

The way a phased array steers a beam is using all of the elements of a phased pattern. The sound beam is steered if the spike line has a slope. Phased arrays have a curved pattern to create focusing during transmission. For each scan line, if just one focus is set, a single pulse pattern is sent to all elements. To create each new scan line, a new pattern is utilized to direct the beam until the full image is created.

The focal points of the phased array transducer can be adjusted, and it can multi-focus. This will improve the transducer's lateral resolution. A lens is used to achieve elevational resolution, which is fixed.

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Image Shape

Crystal shape & number

What happens when a PZT is damaged

How the beam is steered

How focusing is achieved

Common Applications

How the image is created

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Types of transducers discussed in this project

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Types of transducers discussed in this project

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-Mechanical
-Linear sequential
-Phased array
-Annular phased
-Convex
-Vector

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Number of crystals and shape: rectangular

Focusing: electronic

Steer: electronic

Image shape: sector

Element damage: poor steering/focusing

Commonly used: cardiac

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     What is Linear sequential array?     

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     What is Linear sequential array?     

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The linear sequential array transducer is a contemporary transducer that is used in vascular and small parts applications. It's laid out in a 1D array.

The image is formed by sequencing tiny crystals across the face of the transducer when scanning in B-mode. This mode does not require steering, and the image is rectangular in shape. The field of view is equal to the width of the transducer.

The beams are guided using Phasing while employing Doppler imaging., Phasing is applied to small groups of crystals, creating create a parallelogram shape.

Phasing is done to the outer edge crystals when utilizing a wide scan or convex scan to direct the beam outward, creating a broader field of view and the trapezoid form.

The linear sequential array transducer features multi-focus capability and configurable focal points. This will improve the transducer's lateral resolution. A lens is used to achieve elevational resolution, which is fixed.

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Number of crystals and shape: rectangular, 200-300

Focusing: electronic

Steer: none/ or electronic in doppler

Image shape: rectangle

Element damage: vertical drop out

Commonly used: Vascular applications

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Although the mechanical transducer is no longer widely used, it is instructive to know where ultrasound transducers originated. There is one round PZT element on the surface of the transducer. The PZT crystal sends out a pulse, which is echoed, and the motor inside the transducer moves the crystal to a new location. This operation is repeated until the image's scan lines are complete.This transducer is ideal for cardiac applications since it has a small footprint and a thin imaging slice (fitting between rib spaces).

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Number of crystal and shape: Circle (one)

Focusing: Fixed - external or internal

Steer: Mechanical

Image shape: sector

Element damage: complete image loss

Commonly used: Cardiac applications

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Medical equipment is a fundamental ally in the hospital or clinical routine. However, more and more improvements in these devices are emerging, following technological trends in the health area, such as ultrasound equipment innovations and their respective auxiliary components — the ultrasound transducers. Because of this, it is necessary to know about each of them and their appropriate uses to guarantee excellent service.

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Ultrasound transducers are complementary and essential parts of ultrasound devices. Each of these parts is intended for specific uses, the item that will come into direct contact with the body of the person being analyzed. Through these components, it is possible to transcribe sound waves from parts of the human body to the images reflected on the equipment's display, and all this is done non-invasively and in real-time.