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The challenge of insufficient potable water for all stems from four main factors. Cunningham (2017) posits that people do not have access to clean water due to the lack of proper infrastructure, poverty and inequality, climate change, and the increase in population. First, the lack of infrastructure results in the lack of proper sanitation of wastewater which may result in people consuming contaminated water. Poverty and different inequalities would be another reason for the lack of access to clean water as it is possible that the cost (whether economic and/or financial) for this is just too high. Climate change, in particular, the increasing occurrence of extreme and unpredictable weather has resulted in the difficulty of obtaining clean water, or the pollution of clean water sources. Lastly, increases in population would be a hindrance in people obtaining clean water as the scarcity of such resources would result in a higher demand for such would put a greater strain on something already scarce in nature.

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An organization called World Vision, who runs the worlds largest privately funded rural water, hygiene, and sanitation program has been able to give access to 12.5 million people since 2010. They are able to reach one individual with clean water every 10 seconds. Their aim by the year 2020 is to provide access to 20 million people. They were able to utilize a system called a multiple use water system which reaps numerous benefits. The group was also able to discover that individual initiatives may not be as sustainable compared to initiatives that are executed multilaterally, comprising other organizations. This is the case as initiatives are able to reach more individuals

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The existing solutions focus on the legislation and lobbying of laws, leaving the problems to be solely solved by law-makers and government officials. It doesn’t allow for the opportunity to work with stakeholders from different backgrounds (e.g. communities, local governments, and scientists). It misses the opportunity to be able to employ experts in the field to solve this ongoing problem. On top of this, local communities are rarely given the opportunity to voice their concerns with new policies.

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The group believes that its members could become more inquisitive by visiting areas in the country where water access is limited and could be improved. This would help the group as it provides them with information only attainable through the physical visiting of these locations. Visiting these locations would also allow the group to communicate with people experiencing the problem of water and sanitation scarcity.

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It is important that the micro-goals of SDG #6 would be accomplished as the UNDP (n.d) posits that in 2015, 844 million people still lacked even basic drinking water. Additionally, 80% of wastewater goes into different waterways without sufficient forms of sanitation/treatment. Lastly, not solving the challenges of SDG #6 impacts the quality of life of people.  Well, 1 in 10 of the Philippine population lack access to basic water services. 263 million spend over 30 minutes per trip collecting water. 4.4 billion people in the world lack safely managed sanitation. Of the 4.4 billion, 2.3 billion do not have basic sanitation services (Sustainable Development Goals Fund, n.d.).

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One example happening outside the Philippines is an organization called WaterWide. WaterWide is a Non-profit organization established in the country of Nigeria whose goal is to solve water, sanitation, and hygiene related problems by monitoring government expenditures and foreign aid for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaterWide.org, n.d.). The target community of the organization is the rural areas in Nigeria. By tracking government expenditures and foreign aid, not only ensures that the funds are put into good use, but also ensures transparency and accountability between parties.

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For initiatives that aim to take part in accomplishing the goals of SDG #6, it is important that an integrated approach is prioritized in the creation of solutions. In particular, solutions for clean water and sanitation should go alongside economic development. It is also important that solutions must be done using a bottom-up approach where solutions are volunteer-based and are placed in communities where there is a clear lack of clean water and sanitation services. It is also important that solutions are sustainable and could be easily replicated in different parts of the country. Existing solutions lack these aspects.

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About us. (n.d.). Water With Development (WaterWide) – Safe Water and Sanitation for All. https://www.waterwide.org/about-us/
CDC (2021). Global WASH Fast Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html

Cunningham, M. (2017). The Facts on Why So Many People Struggle to Access Clean Water. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/why-do-so-many-people-still-struggle-to-access-cle/#:~:text=Access%20to%20water%2C%20sanitation%2C%20and,to%20afford%20the%20high%20costs.&text=Climate%20change%20and%20an%20increase,weather%20is%20a%20growing%20challenge

Eilertsen (2020). Water, sanitation, and hygiene: essential for well-being. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/

Jamwal, P., Brown, R., Kookana, R., Drechsel, P., McDonald, R., Vörösmarty, C., van Vliet, Michelle., & Bhaduri, A. (2019). The Future of Urban Clean Water and Sanitation. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332219300168

MWSS (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. https://mwss.gov.ph/projects/new-centennial-water-source-kaliwa-dam-project/frequently-asked-questions/#:~:text=Kaliwa%20Dam%20Project%20or%20the,dependence%20on%20the%20Angat%20Dam

Sustainable Development Goals Fund. (n.d.). PRO-WATER: Promoting water and sanitation access, integrity, empowerment, rights and resiliency. https://www.sdgfund.org/pro-water-promoting-water-and-sanitation-access-integrity-empowerment-rights-and-resiliency

Technical Cooperation Office in the Philippines. (2020, April). Increasing resilience of WASH (water and sanitation) basic services  in highly vulnerable zones in Mindanao with focus on governance. http://aecid.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2020-04-28-ProfileUNICEF-WASH.pdf

UNESCO (n.d.). International Initiative on Water Quality (IIWQ). https://en.unesco.org/waterquality-iiwq/wq-challenge.

United Nations. (n.d.). Philippines: Taking Action for Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Philippines_water_Final.pdf

Water.org (n.d.) Philippines' water and sanitation crisis. https://water.org/our-impact/where-we-work/philippines/

Waterwide.org (n.d.) PROJECT ADVOCACY. https://www.waterwide.org/project-advocacy/

World Health Organization. (2022, March 21). Drinking-water. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water

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National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States

Introduction

The size of global urban population has increased exponentially since the advent of the industrial revolution, with urban centers attracting large numbers of workers and families looking for opportunities for employment, education and better quality of life. The growth of large urban centers initially in Europe and North America was followed by even larger megacities in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Currently, more than half of the world's population lives in cities, with this figure projected to reach two-thirds of the world's population by 2050.

Historically, urban populations have on average been healthier and more affluent compared to their rural counterparts. Improvements in education, housing, and public health (including better hygiene and sanitation), and better access to primary care (including wider vaccination coverage) resulted in longer life expectancy and healthier populations. However, as infectious diseases and malnutrition declined in many cities, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including physical and mental illness, became more prevalent. Currently, rapid urbanizing countries around the world are facing an NCD epidemic with high rates of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular illness and cancers associated with sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and environmental pollution ( Leon, 2008; The Lancet, 2012).

Although population health in cities has generally improved, not everybody has benefited from these improvements. People living in urban slums, as well as socioeconomically deprived and migrant populations, have been disproportionally affected by pollution, climate extremes, and lack of clean water and sanitation, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This can create a "double burden" of communicable and non-communicable diseases for these disadvantaged urban populations ( Sverdlik, 2011). The elderly, young children, and those with pre-existing illness are more vulnerable to extreme temperatures, floods, and pollution affecting cities ( Hajat et al., 2007). People living in urban centers are disproportionately exposed to heat due to the Urban Heat Island effect (i.e., higher ambient temperatures in built up areas compered to surrounding suburban and rural areas) and building overheating ( Heaviside et al., 2017). These factors conspire to create significant health and environmental inequities across generations, socioeconomic strata, and urban areas.

Rapid urban development has exacerbated environmental problems linked with unsustainable transport, housing, waste, energy, and land use management. Exposure to urban pollution (in air, water, and soil) has been associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity and cancer incidence. For example, long-term exposure to urban air pollution shortens lifespans ( Pope et al., 2009), and reduces lung growth in children ( Gauderman et al., 2015). Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with increased daily mortality in cities ( Liu et al., 2019) and asthma exacerbations in children ( Bouazza et al., 2018). Overall, exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution accounts for about 1 in 9 deaths every year worldwide ( World Health Organization, 2016a). Outdoor particulate air pollution causes around 4.2 m (3.7-4.8 m) premature deaths annually worldwide, with over 50% of them in India and China. Indoor air pollution, mainly associated with burning solid fuel for cooking or heating, accounts for around 2.9 m (2.2-3.6 m) premature deaths annually, with much of the burden falling on women and young children in low and middle-income countries ( Global Burden of Disease, 2016).

Climate change and related (more frequent and intense) extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and floods, in conjunction with demographic change, have exacerbated NCD mortality and morbidity in cities, with the elderly being more severely affected ( Vardoulakis et al., 2014). Heatwaves have affected cities across the income spectrum, including some of the highest income world capitals. For example, 506 (±51) heat-related deaths in Central Paris and 64 (±3) in Greater London were attributed to anthropogenic climate change during the summer of 2003 ( Mitchell et al., 2016).

On the other hand, cities are often centers of policy and technological innovation and economic development. They are in many cases developing and implementing solutions to current public health and environmental problems associated with climate change, pollution, and unsustainable use of natural resources. For example, compact cities can help reduce car dependency and minimize the use of energy for transport ( Dieleman et al., 2002). Sustainable transport systems and housing can save energy and minimize emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases ( Haines and Ebi, 2019). Increased active travel (i.e., more walking and cycling) and reduced red and processed meat consumption can directly improve cardiovascular health, as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( Haines et al., 2009). Well-designed and maintained urban vegetation and high reflectance roofs can help reduce the Urban Heat Island effect and building overheating ( Salmond et al., 2016).

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the UN New Urban Agenda, and the WHO Urban Health Initiative ( World Health Organization, 2016b, 2019) have focused the attention of researchers, practitioners and decision-makers on policies and interventions that have the potential to provide multiple benefits for health, the environment, and the economy in urban settings. However, more scientific evidence is needed to evaluate policies and interventions and underpin innovation that will improve health in cities. A number of international projects, activities and networks have raised awareness of the challenges and opportunities facing cities and health focusing on the need for inter-disciplinary systems based thinking ( Vardoulakis et al., 2016).

Low-cost sensor technologies, crowd sourcing, social media, and mobile applications have enabled active involvement of urban populations in "citizen science" projects, e.g., by collecting and linking environmental and health data. In addition to raising awareness, citizen science together with innovative big data analysis, linkage and visualization methods open up opportunities for stronger and more interactive engagement with stakeholders at all levels of urban governance ( Buytaert et al., 2014; Fleming et al., 2014; Den Broeder et al., 2018). The recently proposed "urbanome" framework (i.e., a complete set of data describing the physical, social, operational, and structural characteristics of a city) aiming to characterize cities and people living in them in a holistic manner can further enhance our ability to diagnose problems, identify actionable solutions and test future scenarios, policies and interventions using a holistic systems approach ( Morawska et al., 2019).

Grand Challenges

A lot of scientific effort has traditionally concentrated in characterizing associations between environmental and behavioral risk factors and health outcomes. This has included, for example, the effects of different air pollutants (as well as pollutant mixtures), high and low temperatures, noise, diet, physical activity, and proximity to greenspace on non-communicable diseases ( Mitsakou et al., 2019). Novel assessment techniques have been increasingly used in these studies. For example, "multi-hazard" and "exposome" approaches have been introduced to assess human exposure in different environments over the life-course ( Juarez and Matthews-Juarez, 2018). These approaches have helped characterize health effects from chronic (low-level or intermittent) exposures to a variety of chemical or physical hazards in cities. However, less research has focused on evaluating policies and interventions aiming to improve the health and environment of urban dwellers. In particular, there is a dearth of observational studies that can strengthen the evidence on the effectiveness of interventions, including barriers and enablers for successful implementation, in different geographic and socioeconomic contexts. In this article, we are aiming to outline grand challenges for science and innovation that will promote health and sustainability in cities around the world.

Urban and Transport Planning

Land use planning and urban form have a strong influence on transport and accessibility, and consequently on traffic-related air pollution, sedentary lifestyles, noise and GHG emissions and associated effects on health. Reallocation of road space, road closures, cycle paths, and the creation of pedestrian areas can all promote active (walking and cycling) and public transport in cities. Specific measures to reduce congestion and road traffic emissions, e.g., Low Emission Zone, car, bike and scooter sharing systems, Congestion Charging Zones, Clean Air Zones, and other road use pricing, parking and access restriction schemes have been introduced in many cities ( Wang et al., 2016; Vardoulakis et al., 2018). These measures have the potential to provide substantial health benefits associated with improved physical activity, community cohesion and road safety, and reduced air pollution, GHG emissions and noise. However, unintended negative effects are also possible, e.g., migration of polluting sources, road injuries or exacerbation of health inequities, if the measures are not well-designed or implemented. There is therefore a need for comprehensive studies examining the effectiveness, co-benefits and unintended consequences, of such interventions. Although modeling studies have shown promise, there is currently a lack of observational studies that holistically assess the health benefits/impacts of real-world planning interventions using system-based approaches.

Built and Indoor Environment

We spend most of our time in indoor environments (house, school, office) which determine to a large extent our exposure to chemical and biological contaminant, our vulnerability to extreme weather (heat, cold, floods), and consequently our physical and mental health and well-being. The built environment is very complex and requires holistic solutions that take into account the multiple interrelated factors that determine indoor environmental quality. Poor indoor environmental quality may be due to inadequate ventilation, indoor pollution sources (including biomass burning for cooking and heating in low income settings), overheating, poor lighting, mold, and noise ( Wu et al., 2007). Furthermore, demographic and climate change are likely to alter many of these risks in the future ( Vardoulakis et al., 2015), particularly in rapidly urbanizing environments. Co-benefits and trade-offs for health may arise where action to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climatic extremes lead to changes in the building fabric, ventilation, air conditioning, or energy usage.

Green and Blue Infrastructure

There is increasing recognition that proximity to, and interaction with, urban green and blue spaces can have a significant benefits on our health and well-being. A number of mechanisms have been identified, including localized cooling, noise abatement, water purification, flood risk reduction, and improved physical activity and mental health. Urban green infrastructure has also been associated with several environmental and societal co-benefits, such as air pollution and climate change mitigation (i.e., vegetation has the capacity to remove carbon dioxide, gaseous pollutants, and airborne particles) and cultural-aesthetic and recreational benefits ( Salmond et al., 2016). On the other hand, potential negative effects include emissions of pollen and volatile organic compounds, urban ticks, safety concerns, and energy input and cost of maintenance of urban green spaces. The ecosystem services approach has increasingly been used to evaluate the benefits of green and blue infrastructure in cities ( Hansen et al., 2015; Salmond et al., 2016). But there is an urgent need for better knowledge on how to design urban green spaces that maximize both environmental and human health benefits.

Urban Food Systems

The ecosystem services approach can also be used to assess the multiple dimensions of urban food systems, including healthy diets, food safety and security, and urban food infrastructure (for food production, storage, and distribution). Low red meat diets can substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming and simultaneously provide health benefits associated with reduced saturated fat consumption ( Friel et al., 2009).

Linking urban and rural food supply is essential for optimizing the complex food production and consumption system. However, greater quantities of food grown in urban areas could be of concern because of their higher risk of legacy contamination in urban soils ( Lake et al., 2012). Holistic perspectives are clearly needed to maximize the benefits of healthy, low-carbon, resilient urban food systems, minimize related health inequalities and other potential dis-benefits (e.g., food waste), and manage emergencies associated with climate extremes.

Sustainable Energy and Waste Management

Urbanization and raising living standards are projected to increase energy demand and waste generation, particularly in rapidly urbanizing low and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. China has become the largest generator of municipal solid waste in the world with its rapid urbanization, population growth and raising living standards ( Wang et al., 2018). Unsustainable patterns of consumption, energy and waste generation in cities have negative consequences for population and environmental ("planetary") health ( Gupta et al., 2019). There is an urgent need for evidence-based solutions for more sustainable energy and waste management in cities. Urban energy solutions require full life cycle analysis, taking into account the full spectrum of positive and unintended negative impacts of transition to renewable energy ( Scovronick et al., 2019). The circular economy, which aims to minimize waste by making the most of available resources, has the potential to generate environmental, health and societal benefits in cities that are currently not fully appreciated.

Urban Health Equity

Health equity is a crosscutting issue, and emerging research theme, in urban sustainability studies. Climate change, pollution, inadequate housing, and unsustainable production and consumption are threatening environmental justice and health equity across generations, socioeconomic strata, and urban settings. Vulnerable groups (young children, the elderly, the poor, and those with compromised health) are likely to suffer more from environmental pollution and climate extremes, such as heatwaves, floods and droughts. These groups also have the most to gain from well-designed interventions to improve urban environmental quality. Certain urban policies and interventions may reduce, or inadvertently exacerbate, inequalities; therefore they require careful impact assessment across the population ( Costa et al., 2019). More gender and age-sensitive strategies can help address inequities in urban health, particularly between those living in informal settlements and other urban residents ( Sverdlik, 2011).

Future Directions

Technological advancements in sustainable transport, energy and waste management, zero carbon building design, pollution abatement, urban food systems, wearable sensors, mobile applications, and big data analysis provide opportunities to improve the health of urban populations while reducing their pollution and carbon footprint. However, technology solutions alone are unlikely to solve the persistent environmental, societal and health problems that twenty-first century cities are facing around the world. To achieve sustainable, long-term solutions we need concerted action from key stakeholders-government, planners, health professionals, researchers, businesses-as well as individual citizens. Importantly, we need to develop a better understanding of complex societal, technological and behavioral barriers and enablers for effective change toward healthier and more sustainable cities. This requires holistic, system-based approaches that address multiple environmental and health hazards, taking into account co-benefits, and unintended consequences.

The challenges of translating the emerging science of urban health into effective policy are complex. Over-emphasizing a single process, such as building energy or vehicle fuel consumption, can have unintended consequences, for example on indoor or outdoor air quality. Furthermore, a place-based understanding of potential impacts and opportunities for health improvement that takes into account the social and cultural context of cities around the world is required for developing effective solutions. Importantly, this requires effective public, policy, and business engagement to ensure translation of scientific outputs into actionable long-term solutions.

Author Contributions

SV drafted the article. SV and PK contributed intellectual input, text, and edits.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

The Lancet (2012). Shaping cities for health: a UCL/Lancet Commission. Lancet 379:2023. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60870-8
CrossRef Full Text
World Health Organization (2016b). Health as the Pulse of the New Urban Agenda. Quito: World Health Organization's report to HABITAT III - United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development. Available online at: https://www.who.int/phe/publications/urban-health/en/ (accessed November 22, 2019).

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Grand Challenges in Sustainable Cities and Health

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The size of global urban population has increased exponentially since the advent of the industrial revolution, with urban centres attracting large numbers of workers and families looking for opportunities for employment, education and better quality of life. The growth of large urban centres initial…

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There have been efforts around the world to increase accessibility to clean water and proper sanitation. The Center for Disease Control (2021) posits that in 2017, 71% of the global population now use safe drinking water services, this is an improvement of about 10 percentage points to scores obtained 17 years before. To meet the United Nations’ goals, 2.2 billion people would need access to safely managed drinking water, 4.2 billion people would need access to safely managed sanitation, and 3 billion people would need access to basic handwashing facilities. Jamwal et al. (2019) provide four priorities for research to be able to understand the impact of the lack of clean water and sanitation. It is mentioned that the risks of emerging and existing contaminants are observed; the development of low-cost water quality sensors are created; decentralized treatment solutions to water pollution must be made; and lastly, communities must learn how to manage and sustain solutions to local water problems.

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It is important that SDG #6 would be solved as it overlaps with the other sustainable development goals such as SDGs #1, 3, 12, and 15 (UNESCO, n.d.). Quality water is an important resource that should be accessible to all. If this is not the case, this has consequences for one’s health and overall quality of life. Eilertsen et al. (2020) mention that progress on this SDG would need continuous improvements in data collection methods. It is important for countries to properly evaluate their initiatives and this could be done through proper data collection and analysis.

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We have deduced that this problem affects many people in various ways. Therefore, we recommend focusing on the sustainable development of water resources and proper sanitation through, first, proper policy reforms. On top of that, taking part in the solution, as this will give us a first hand experience on the challenge. This means being involved in drives, programs, or initiatives that actually aim in solving access to clean water and sanitation. Lastly, further intensive research must be done in order to lay out possible pros and cons as well as verifying proposed solutions from expert organizations and individuals.

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Clean Water and Sanitation for All
SDG #6 tackles the challenges of obtaining clean water and sanitation. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly recognized the need for everyone to have rights to sufficient, continuous, safe, and affordable water for both personal and domestic use.  Having access to readily available water is necessary for public health, drinking, showering, cleaning, etc. Contaminated water and poor sanitation lead to health risks such as the transmission of diseases and dehydration which may lead to illness and even death. This may also affect the productivity of a family–they get tired easier and take more time out of their day to access clean water. Being able to provide better water supply and sanitation for communities can greatly contribute to poverty reduction.

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In the Philippines, the UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, and the Philippine government has a project called The SDG Fund Joint Programme on PROWATER. So far, they have integrated safe water, sanitation, and hygiene community murals in waterless regions. There are also partnerships with local governments to develop better practices and services in communities. There are also non-profit organizations such as water.org that have been aiming to help the country achieve universal water and sanitation coverage by 2028. Since 2014, the orgniazation has helped approximately 5.4 million with accessible water or sanitation through small, affordable loans. The United Nations, non-profit organizations, and the government units have been helping attain this goal.

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As a group, we were able to reach out to various organizations that share the same motive and idea with us which aims in solving clean water and sanitation in the country. Fortunately, one organization has been able to respond to our request through email. This organization is named Wavesforwater.org. Additionally, we were able to ask questions that catered to our desired solution for thie challenge. The organization was able to provide us with useful information, data, and opinion-based facts that would aid us in creating a proper solution. It is this data and information that helped us understand the challenge at a whole new level, giving us a better overall understanding of the landscape. Furthermore, with their quick response, we were able to use this information to brainstorm a couple of ideas catered to our desired solution. With the help of fellow Lasallian undergraduate students, we were also able to solidify our solution.

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In the Philippines, only 35.2% of the population use appropriate treatment methods for clean water while the rest do not. There are gaps that still need to be tackled such as accessibility and affordability. The country is an archipelago and there are regions that may be harder to reach than others. There is also the problem of some regions being poorer than others. The solution must be accessible, affordable, and reachable to everyone in the country. A solution would require easy logistics and can be used by everyone.

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To fill in knowledge gaps, the groups believe that each member would still need to continue reading about previous efforts in making cities and communities more sustainable. Also, the group would also need to speak with relevant public officials on what are the key pieces of data about the Philippines’ progress in accomplishing the SDG. This is important to find out as developing countries like the Philippines would be more vulnerable if it would not be able to adapt and create sustainable cities as 90% of urban expansion would take place in the developing countries (UNDP, n.d.).

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The group was able to communicate with an organization with initiatives centered on disaster aid and providing clean water to those struck by calamities. Clean water advocacies should go past this. The group believes that they should also be able to communicate with actual government agencies that are concerned with clean water and sanitation. It is important to get the public sector’s perspective regarding the state of the country’s pursuit of accessible clean water and sanitation all throughout the year and not only in times of disaster.

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Waves for Water
Contact Persons:

Jenica Beatriz V. Dizon

Country Director - Philippines

+63 948 793 0216

jenica@wavesforwater.org

Sarah Reenfrida M. Jimenez
Program and Operations Officer
+63 956 953 3852
sarah@wavesforwater.org

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E1Mt20YXHn9h95xmY-Y7H9mzhKJe8r3E/view?usp=sharing

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CAPSTON - IGC Pitch Video.mp4

CAPSTON - IGC Pitch Video.mp4