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- When Missouri wanted to become a state it upset the balance between slave and free states. To solve the debate between free and slave states, the Missouri Compromise was created. It said that Maine would enter as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and that everything north of the 36-30 parallel would be closed to slavery.
- The MO compromise could not have been a lasting solution to the debate because the U.S had other territories that would eventually become states and that would upset the balance again.
- https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/missouri-compromise

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- The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal not to allow slavery in the land that the U.S gained from the Mexican War.
- The Wilmot Proviso was protested by Southerners because it wanted to not allow slavery in the new land acquired by the U.S and the Southerners were in favor of slavery. Some also saw it as an insult to the south to try to get rid of slavery.
-https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5772#:~:text=Historian%20James%20McPherson%20writes%20that,the%20Senate%20voted%20it%20down.

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- The Free soil party was a minor political party that supported settlers getting free land and opposed the expansion of slavery onto the western territories.
- Even though they did not win the presidential election their idea of opposing slavery and condemning it as an evil thing was adopted by the Republican party. They made the political progress of making slavery seem like an evil thing.
-https://www.britannica.com/topic/Free-Soil-Party

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- The Compromise of 1850 was five bills that were made to resolve disputes over slavery in the new territories gained by the U.S after the Mexican-American War. It made California a free state, let Utah and New Mexico decide by themselves whether they wanted to be free or slave states, set a new boundary for Texas and New Mexico, and made it easier for owners to find runaway slaves.
- Some hurdles faced when trying to pass the Compromise of 1850 was one of the creators became ill and could not present his idea to the Senate and the compromise failed to pass the first time and only passed when split into five bills.
-  https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/compromise-of-1850

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- The Fugitive Slave Acts were laws that allowed the capture and return of runaway slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 allowed local governments to seize runaway slaves and return them to their owners as well as punish those who aided the slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 denied enslaved people the right to a jury trial, encouraged citizens to aid in their capture, and enforced harsher punishments on those aiding the slaves.
- Henry Thoreau was involved in the fight against the Fugitive Slave Act by harboring fugitive slaves in his home. He escorted fugitives to railroads where they could get to Canada. He also didn't pay taxes as a form of protest and he spoke about freedom for slaves.
- https://concordlibrary.org/special-collections/antislavery/39
- https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fugitive-slave-acts

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- The Kansas Nebraska Act was a bill that repealed the Missouri Compromise. It created two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The bill allowed these two territories to decide on slavery based on popular sovereignty.
- Douglass wanted to repeal the Missouri Compromise and replace it with the Kansas Nebraska Act because Kansas and Nebraska wanted to be admitted as states and since they were above the line of slavery determined by the Missouri Compromise they would both have to be free states according to it. This caused arguments between the north and south. Douglass hoped that replacing the Missouri Compromise with the Kansas Nebraska Act would solve this argument and allow the U.S to expand west with less problems.
- https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/kansas-nebraska-act
-https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htmhttps://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm

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Bleeding Kansas (sack of Lawrence)/(Pottawatomie Massacre)

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Bleeding Kansas (sack of Lawrence)/(Pottawatomie Massacre)

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-Bleeding Kansas describes a period of violent guerrilla warfare between forces for slavery and forces against slavery after the creation of Kansas.  After it was decided that popular sovereignty would be used to determine whether slavery would be allowed in Kansas, people from both flooded into Kansas in an attempt to sway the vote in their favor. Fighting soon broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers. Due to the "sack" of the free-state town of Lawrence, John Brown and others attacked a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek in what is known as the Pottawatomie Massacre.
- If the Missouri Compromise had not been repealed and replaced this violence would not have occurred. This is because the Missouri Compromise was replaced by the Kansas Nebraska Act. That act said that whether or not slavery would be allowed in Kansas and Nebraska would be determined by popular sovereignty which was the whole reason the settlers were fighting. If the Missouri Compromise had not been repealed the violence might have not occurred.
- https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/bleeding-kansas-and-pottawatomie-massacre-1856
- https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/bleeding-kansas#:~:text=Bleeding%20Kansas%20describes%20the%20period,killed%20between%201855%20and%201859.

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- Dred Scott sued his owner for wrongful enslavement using the evidence that a statute said that any person taken to a free territory became free and could not be re-enslaved after returning to a slave state. After losing one time Dred Scott filed a new suit in federal court where the majority said that descendants of slaves could not be American citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court.
- The Supreme Court can't always be trusted. This is because they are still humans and might have different pre-existing ideas that would sway how they think. Also, if you look at the picture of the justices on the link below you will see that all of them were white and that might have affected how some of them thought.
- https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/60us393
- https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/dred-scott-case

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- The Lincoln Douglas debates were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Steven Douglas. They debated over the primary issue in the U.S at the time, slavery and the expansion of it into new territories. Douglas accused Lincoln of being a radical abolitionist and Lincoln accused Douglas of wanting to make slavery legal throughout all of the United States. They had very different ideas on race and how slavery could be solved.
- The Freeport Doctrine was Douglas's stance that territories could choose to not enforce Dred Scott by withholding protection for slaveholders under local law. This stance hurt Douglas because it alienated many southerners which would hurt him in the presidential election. It helped him because the fact that he backed that stance which was common with democrats at the time meant that the Illinois State Legislature which favored democrats chose to return him to the senate.
- https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/lincoln-douglas-debates

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- John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry was when John Brown (an abolitionist), tried to initiate a slave revolt throughout the southern states by seizing the federal armory and arsenal at Harper's Ferry. They were first held down by the local militia and then U.S marines arrived and killed many of Brown's men. John Brown was sentenced to death.
- John Brown was not justified in his plan. This is because while yes slavery was a bad thing. He kidnapped people and was violent. You won't cause much change by being violent. He really only hurt people.
- https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/john-browns-harpers-ferry-raid

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- The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th  presidential election and was held on November 6, 1860. It was between Abraham Lincoln (republican), John Breckinridge (southern democratic), John Bell (constitutional union), and Stephen Douglas (democratic). Abraham Lincoln won with 180 electoral votes and the first republican president was elected. His election was a driving factor for the U.S Civil War.
- The divided political parties lead to Lincoln's election because although Douglas received some northern support it wasn't enough for him to be a threat to Lincoln and the southern support was split between Breckinridge and Bell meaning that there was not enough votes for either of them to win. This lead to Lincoln's election.
- https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/election-of-1860

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- South Carolina first called for a convention to secede and after three months of Abraham Lincoln being president, seven states had seceded/separated from the union and declared themselves as independent from the rest of the U.S.
- Secession would not have been a long-term solution. Eventually, they would go to war and one side would win while to other would lose.
- https://www.ushistory.org/us/32e.asp

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- Fort Sumter was a military garrison in South Carolina that the Confederates attacked. They won the battle after two days and although no one was killed it marked the beginning of the bloody Civil War. The Confederate victory resulted in military support for both sides. Four states joined the Confederacy and President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion.
- The actions Lincoln took to prevent a rebellion at Fort Sumter were he sent supplies to the fort and when people were sent to negotiate for the transfer of Fort Sumter to South Carolina they were rebuffed.
- https://www.ushistory.org/us/33a.asp