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Sample Fingerprint Card  GClark

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can be packaged in paper or plastic but people do not recommend plastic cause the fingerprints can rub or wipe off. Dior W.

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some methods to get a fingerprint is to take a photo, lift it with a piece of tape or plastic, and comparing it to a persons finger.

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IAFIS Dior W.

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Thomas Jennings
Stratton  Brothers

Dior W.

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fingerprint

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some people use technology, paper, envelopes and the unreliable plastic to store there finger print.

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Cameron W

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This is a listing of test data produced by the Image Group for use in evaluating automated OCR, fingerprint classification/matching, and face recognition systems. The approximate sizes of the compressed files are indicated in square brackets.

Fingerprint Databases

Special Database 4 - NIST 8-bit Gray Scale Images of Fingerprint Image Groups. This database has been discontinued and is no longer available.

Special Database 9 - NIST 8-bit Gray Scale Images of Mated Fingerprint Card Pairs. This database has been discontinued and is no longer available.

Special Database 10 - NIST Supplemental Fingerprint Card Data (SFCD) for NIST Special Database 9 with include rolled fingerprints and harder to find fingerprint classifications like arch, tented arch and low count loops. This database has been discontinued and is no longer available.

NBIS - NIST Biometric Image Software

PCASYS - NIST Pattern-level Classification Automation System for Fingerprints.
Included in NBIS zipfile

NFIS2 - NIST Fingerprint Image Software Version2.
Included in NBIS zipfile

Mugshot/Face Databases

OCR Databases

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Biometric Special Databases and Software

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This is a listing of test data produced by the Image Group for use in evaluating automated OCR, fingerprint classification/matching, and face recognition systems. The approximate sizes of the compressed files are indicated in square brackets. Special Database 4 - NIST 8-bit Gray Scale Images of Fingerprint Image Groups.

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Cameron W

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Fingerprints have been the reason for the solving of a vast amount of cases. The case of Thomas Jennings in 1910 was the case, which resulted in the first American murder trial to admit fingerprint testimony. Clarence Hiller lived with his wife and four children. On the morning of September 19, 1910, Mr. Hiller woke up to find that a gaslight near her daughter's bedroom was not burning. On the landing, he found a stranger and engaged in combat. Both men tumbled down the staircase. Seconds later, two shots were sound, as well as, Mr. Hiller's soft cry for help. At the door, Mrs. Hiller found her husband dead. Investigators found some particles of sand and gravel at the foot of the daughter's bed. Yet what convicted the killer, Thomas Jennings, were his fingerprints. Next to the rear kitchen window, through which the killer had entered the home of the Hillers, were railings. By chance, Mr. Hiller had painted these very railings just hours before his death. Into the paint four fingerprints of someone's left hand was etched. American law enforcement has already adopted the principle of fingerprinting. Therefore, the presence of these fingerprints was admissible in the court of law. At the trial, fingerprint expert William M. Evans of the PDBI agreed that Jennings hand, and his alone, had left the prints on the railings. The appeal court affirmed the verdict of the jury, guilty, and upheld Jenning's death sentence. He was later hanged.

Fingerprints were also the reasons behind the solving of another famous case: the case of the Stratton Brothers. Thomas Farrow, and his wife, Ann, managed a paint shop in South London. On March 27, 1905, Mr. Farrow had been found dead on the floor of his paint shop. Upstairs, where the couple kept a small room for themselves, his wife lay, covered in blood, and barely alive. Just a few days later, Ann died. The discovery of two masks at the scene of the crime suggested the presence of more than one intruder. They found a clear print on a tray that did not match either victim. With the description given by milkman Henry Jennings, two brothers known for burglary, Albert and Alfred Stratton were held custody. Both were taken to the Tower Bridge police station, where Detective Inspector Charles Collins, a founding member of Scotland Yard's Fingerprint Branch in 1901, rolled their fingers on the inkpad. The fingerprint on the tray matched Albert's right thumb to perfection. Thus, both brothers were charged with murder.

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Fingerprints have been the reason for the solving of a vast amount of cases. The case of Thomas Jennings in 1910 was the case, which resulted in the first American murder trial to admit fingerprint testimony. Clarence Hiller lived with his wife and four children.

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someone pressing there finger on the paper

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An image of a fingerprint on paper.
-s.hollingshed

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A cardboard box is much safer than plastic or paper because the fingerprints would smudge
-s.hollingshed

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Have someone place their pointer finger(that is covered with ink) on a piece of paper. Once they lift it, wash the substance off their finger and store away the inked paper.
-s.hollingshed

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This is a fingerprint card with many fingerprints on it. - Jsilva

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Find high-quality images, photos, and animated GIFS with Bing Images

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IdentoGO provides a wide range of identity-related services in safe, professional and convenient locations. Their primary service is the secure capture and transmission of electronic fingerprints for employment, certification, licensing and other verification purposes. Additional services, such as passport photos, identity history checks and fingerprint cards are available at participating locations today, and new identity-related products and services are being developed for the future.-shamya.h

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Select a Fingerprinting Service by State

IdentoGO Centers provide convenient, fast and accurate Live Scan fingerprinting services. Whether you are required to be fingerprinted by a government agency or for employment, our trained Enrollment Agents will ensure that your paperwork is in order, take your fingerprints, process the request and have you on your way in no time!
We provide Live Scan fingerprinting services for a wide variety of state agencies, programs and industries including:
Adoption, Attorneys and Legal Workers, Banking, Child Care, Construction Industry Licensing, Education, Firearm Permits, Financial Services, Health Care, Human Services, Insurance, Management Services, Mortgage Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Real Estate, Social Services, State Employment, Transportation, and many more!
Services vary by state.
Live Scan Fingerprinting FAQs

What is Live Scan Fingerprinting?

Live scan fingerprinting is the process of capturing fingerprints electronically with our advanced Live Scan machine. With Live Scan fingerprinting, there is no ink or card. Your fingerprints are "rolled" across a glass plate and scanned. It is faster, cleaner and more accurate than the old ink and roll method.

A percentage of the population have difficult to read fingerprints, which can be affected by age or exposure to certain types of work such as construction or from prolonged exposure to various chemicals. Our state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained staff are able to maximize the quality of fingerprint images obtained, which reduces the likelihood of illegible fingerprints and will reduce the overall application processing time. The fingerprints are then submitted to the specific state or federal agency to process.

Fingerprinting FAQs

What is the difference between a fingerprint-based background check and a non-fingerprint background check?

Fingerprint-based background checks run job applicants through both FBI and state criminal databases to create a complete criminal profile of the job applicant. Conversely, non-fingerprint background checks, or "name checks," are not nearly as comprehensive and run the applicants background against a limited amount of predetermined records that are commercially available. Modern automated fingerprint identification systems can produce identification error rates of less than one percent. Conversely, as compared to FBI fingerprint searches, "name checks" result in appreciable numbers of both false positives and false negatives.

Are "name checks" as reliable as fingerprints in criminal history checks?

In general, name checks are much less reliable than fingerprints. A name check is based on an individual's name and personal identifiers such as sex, race, date of birth and Social Security number. Because it is rare for this information to be unique to particular individuals, name checks can produce inaccurate results, especially when names and other identifiers in the database are similar or identical to the information being checked. Mistakes can also result from misspellings, clerical errors or inaccurate identification information intentionally provided by search subjects who wish to avoid discovery of their prior criminal activities.

There are two general types of name check errors:

1. Inaccurate or wrong identifications, often called "false positives," occur when an applicant's name check does not clear, producing one or more possible candidates. Also, the applicant's fingerprint search does clear, showing the applicant has no FBI criminal record.

2. Missed identifications, often called "false negatives," occur when an applicant's name check clears, producing no possible candidates, and the applicant's fingerprint search does not clear but instead shows the applicant has an FBI criminal record.

What is Live Scan Fingerprinting?

Live scan fingerprinting is the process of capturing fingerprints electronically with our advanced Live Scan machine. With Live Scan fingerprinting, there is no ink or card. Your fingerprints are "rolled" across a glass plate and scanned. It is faster, cleaner and more accurate than the old ink and roll method.

A percentage of the population have difficult to read fingerprints, which can be affected by age or exposure to certain types of work such as construction or from prolonged exposure to various chemicals. Our state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained staff are able to maximize the quality of fingerprint images obtained, which reduces the likelihood of illegible fingerprints and will reduce the overall application processing time. The fingerprints are then submitted to the specific state or federal agency to process.

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IdentoGO Centers provide convenient, fast and accurate Live Scan fingerprinting services. Whether you are required to be fingerprinted by a government agency or for employment, our trained Enrollment Agents will ensure that your paperwork is in order, take your fingerprints, process the request and have you on your way in no time!

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Fingerprint cards and lifts can be packaged in paper or plastic. Evidence items which have not been processed for prints, should not be packaged in plastic. These evidence items should be secured inside a container which will not rub against the evidence, the container must be sealed. Cardboard boxes work well for packaging items for fingerprint exams.- Jsilva

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Find high-quality images, photos, and animated GIFS with Bing Images

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In 2006, after an exhaustive three-year trawl through the work of Leonardo Da Vinci, forensic scientists found a single, complete fingerprint on one of his paintings.

The print, from the Italian artist’s left index finger, was discovered on a painting called ‘Portrait of a Lady with an Ermine’, painted around 1490.  Da Vinci had used his finger to smudge the necklace’s shadow.

The central whorl of the fingerprint is common in around 60% of the Middle East population and gives weight to the theory that Da Vinci’s mother, Caterina, was a slave who came to Tuscany from Istanbul.

-shamya.h

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Archaeological artefacts tell us much about ancient people, but not much about the individual who made them. When an artefact bears a preserved fingerprint, it becomes personal.
For as long as human societies have existed, their members have been producing 'stuff' - tools, weapons, jewelry and ritualistic objects.

With every physical touch of an object they left behind a copy of their epidermal ridges, mainly fingerprints. Under suitable conditions the prints became preserved, allowing archaeologists and scientists to study the impressions of fingers and palms of people who lived hundreds or thousands of years ago - often helping determine their age, gender and ethnicity, and how objects were created or used when their owner was in direct physical contact with them.

Here are 10 examples:
1. Leonardo Da Vinci's Middle Eastern ancestry - 525 years ago
In 2006, after an exhaustive three-year trawl through the work of Leonardo Da Vinci, forensic scientists found a single, complete fingerprint on one of his paintings.

The print, from the Italian artist's left index finger, was discovered on a painting called 'Portrait of a Lady with an Ermine', painted around 1490. Da Vinci had used his finger to smudge the necklace's shadow.

The central whorl of the fingerprint is common in around 60% of the Middle East population and gives weight to the theory that Da Vinci's mother, Caterina, was a slave who came to Tuscany from Istanbul.
2. Medieval Europeans prayed mostly for themselves - 600 years ago
A cumulative build-up of fingerprints on the pages of a book may give it the appearance of being dirty and worn, but for Kathryn Rudy, an Art Historian at the University of St Andrews, it was an avenue of inquiry into the minds of medieval Europeans.

Rudy analyzed a number of 15th-century European prayer books to reconstruct their reading habits. Using a densitometer to measure the darkness of reflecting surfaces, she was able to interpret how a reader handled a book, which sections were the most popular and which were ignored.

The densitometer spiked at a manuscript dedicated to St. Sebastian, who was often prayed to for protection against the plague. Similarly, pages which contained prayers for personal salvation were much more soiled and worn than those asking for other people's redemption.
3. Fashion conscious women of Roman Britain get the pale look - 1,900 years ago
In 2003, a sealed pot of face cream was discovered at a Roman temple complex in Southwark, south London dating to the 2nd century AD.

The small tin pot had remained unopened for nearly 2,000 years. The sulphurous-smelling cream inside was still moist and contained a clear fingerprint and other finger marks. Marks left by the last fingers to use the pot were still visible on the lid.

The pot was found in a Roman drain and appears to have been deliberately hidden. Roman creams of any type, paint or cosmetic, do not normally survive in the archaeological record, so the find was exceptionally rare.

Analysis of the cream by scientists at the University of Bristol found it was made from animal fat, starch and tin oxide. Their recreation of the cream's ingredients left a smooth, powdery texture when rubbed into the skin.

The cream was a sophisticated preparation, more likely the product of a professional cosmetics factory than that of an amateur. Contemporary sources say that a white foundation cream known as 'cerussa' was used by women all over the Roman Empire, but it was usually a lethal combination of lead shavings dissolved in vinegar. However, the Londinium cream was a much safer product; the tin-based pigment was completely non-toxic.
4. Division of labour in an Italian pottery workshop - 2,400 years ago
The fingerprints of four individuals working in a pottery workshop in Metaponto, southern Italy around 400 BC have been identified on 125 vases.

Each individual seems to have performed a specific task. A master potter appears to have been responsible for forming the intricate rims of the spouts, while the other three were likely assistants responsible for dipping the vessels.
5. Data management in Europe's oldest city - 3,300 years ago
Fingerprints and palmprints dating to around 1300 BC are present on clay tablets found in Knossos on the island of Crete.

The tablets contain the Linear B syllabic script, used for writing the earliest known language form of Greek, Mycenaean Greek. They were found on the site of a palace complex which was the ceremonial and political centre of Mycenaean culture.

The fingerprints and palmprints of several scribes or their assistants can be defined. They also include the fingerprints of children and a group of men with strong hands and rough papillary lines who were possibly the manual labourers who produced the blank tablets.
6. Ancient Egyptian bakers pack bread for the trip to the afterlife - 3,300 years ago
The fingerprints and palmprints of an Ancient Egyptian baker, dating to around 1300 BC, can still be seen in an amazingly well-preserved flat loaf of bread found in a tomb in Thebes.

The arid climate of Egypt has preserved a rich record of organic materials, including the imprint of the baker who kneaded the dough of this bread loaf while it was still soft. It would have been entombed as a funerary offering.
7. Youth employment in Stone Age Sweden - 5,000 years ago
5,000 year old fingerprints were found on ceramic pot shards in the Stone Age settlement of Siretorp, Sweden.

Dating to the hunter-gatherer Pitted Ware Culture in southern Scandinavia (ca 3200 BC- ca 2300 BC), the ceramics were decorated with pits or hollows made by applying pressure with the tips of the fingers.

By applying fingerprinting techniques, researchers have determined that the pits were predominately made using the index finger. Right-handed individuals would hold the vessels with their left hand, wipe the vessel smooth, and then make the decorative pits with their right hand.

By measuring the distance between ridges, a number of the fingerprints were determined to have been made by teenagers, suggesting that ceramic making, or at least the decorative aspects, was an age-specific role.
8. First farmers - 10,000 years ago
The 10,000 year-old site of Boncuklu Hoyuk in Turkey is one of the earliest villages found from the period when hunter-gatherer societies began to leave their nomadic lifestyle and take up farming.

A technique called Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) creates 3-D images of the many artefacts uncovered at the site, leading to the discovery of fingerprints on fragments of clay objects made in a kiln.
9. The child who picked up a figurine - 26,000 years ago
The earliest-known modern human fingerprint was found on the 26,000 year old ceramic statuette, the Venus of Dolní Věstonice

Dolní Věstonice is an Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in the Czech Republic, and an abundant source of prehistoric artefacts from the Gravettian period.

The Venus figurine, depicting an obese, nude female, is the earliest-known example of fired clay sculptures.

In 2004, a scan of the figurine showed the fingerprint of a child who must have handled it before it was fired.
10. The Neanderthal weapon maker - 80,000 years ago
The oldest known fingerprint of any human species was imprinted on an organic substance used as a glue made from birch bark.

The glue was applied by a Paleolithic inhabitant of the Königsaue region in Germany to fix a piece of flint to a wooden shaft. The Königsaue site was most probably a seasonal hunting camp at the shore of a lake and dates to around 80.000 years ago.

The dating of the artefact to the Middle Paleolithic suggests that the fingerprint belongs to a Neanderthal, and proves that fingerprints can remain preserved for tens of thousands of years on the surfaces of organic substances.

Sources:

The Journal of Ancient Fingerprints, Telegraph, Boncuklu.org, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art

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What 10 sets of ancient fingerprints tell us about the people who made them

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Archaeological artefacts tell us much about ancient people, but not much about the individual who made them. When an artefact bears a preserved fingerprint, it becomes personal. For as long as human societies have existed, their members have been producing 'stuff' - tools, weapons, jewelry and ritualistic objects.

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A powder technique is usually used to identify latent prints on nonporous surfaces such as glass, marble, metal, plastic, and finished wood. Often times, to avoid smudging the print, a magnetic powder technique is used in which the powder is poured on the surface and then spread evenly over the surface using a magnetic force instead of spreading the powder with a brush.- JSilva

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INTERPOL runs an international fingerprint database known as the automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS). Authorized users in member countries can cross-check records from their national fingerprint databases against AFIS, where they think there may be an international aspect to the crime.- Jsilva

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The first big case involving fingerprint evidence in the United States was the murder trial of Thomas Jennings in Chicago in 1911. Jennings had broken into a home in the middle of the night and, when discovered by the homeowner, shot the man dead.- Jsilva

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The first big case involving fingerprint evidence in the United States was the murder trial of Thomas Jennings in Chicago in 1911. Jennings had broken into a home in the middle of the night and, when discovered by the homeowner, shot the man dead. He was convicted based on fingerprints left at the crime scene, and for most of the next century, fingerprints were considered, both in the courts and in the public imagination, to be all but infallible as a method of identification.

More recently, however, research has shown that fingerprint examination can produce erroneous results. For instance, a 2009 report from the National Academy of Sciences found that results, "are not necessarily repeatable from examiner to examiner," and that even experienced examiners might disagree with their own past conclusions when they re-examine the same prints at a later date. These situations can lead to innocent people being wrongly accused and criminals remaining free to commit more crimes.

But scientists have been working to reduce the opportunities for human error. This week, scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Michigan State University report that they have developed an algorithm that automates a key step in the fingerprint analysis process. Their research has been published in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

"We know that when humans analyze a crime scene fingerprint, the process is inherently subjective," said Elham Tabassi, a computer engineer at NIST and a co-author of the study. "By reducing the human subjectivity, we can make fingerprint analysis more reliable and more efficient."

A Key Decision Point
If all fingerprints were high-quality, matching them would be a breeze. For instance, computers can easily match two sets of rolled prints-those that are collected under controlled conditions, as when you roll all 10 fingers onto a fingerprint card or scanner.

"But at a crime scene, there's no one directing the perpetrator on how to leave good prints," said Anil Jain, a computer scientist at Michigan State University and a co-author of the study. As a result, fingerprints left at a crime scene-so-called latent prints-are often partial, distorted and smudged. Also, if the print is left on something with a confusing background pattern such as a twenty-dollar bill, it may be difficult to separate the print from the background.

That's why, when an examiner receives latent prints from a crime scene, their first step is to judge how much useful information they contain.

"This first step is standard practice in the forensic community," said Jain. "This is the step we automated."

Following that step, if the print contains sufficient usable information, it can be submitted to an Automated Fingerprint Identification System. The AFIS (pronounced AY-fiss) then searches its database and returns a list of potential matches, which the examiner evaluates to look for a conclusive match.

But the initial decision on fingerprint quality is critical.

"If you submit a print to AFIS that does not have sufficient information, you're more likely to get erroneous matches," Tabassi said. On the other hand, "If you don't submit a print that actually does have sufficient information, the perpetrator gets off the hook."

Currently, the process of judging print quality is subjective, and different examiners come to different conclusions. Automating that step makes the results consistent. "That means we will be able to study the errors and find ways to fix them over time," Tabassi said.

Automating this step also will allow fingerprint examiners to process evidence more efficiently. That will allow them to reduce backlogs, solve crimes more quickly, and spend more time on challenging prints that require more work.

Training the Algorithm
The researchers used machine learning to build their algorithm. Unlike traditional programming in which you write out explicit instructions for a computer to follow, in machine learning, you train the computer to recognize patterns by showing it examples.

To get training examples, the researchers had 31 fingerprint experts analyze 100 latent prints each, scoring the quality of each on a scale of 1 to 5. Those prints and their scores were used to train the algorithm to determine how much information a latent print contains.

After training was complete, researchers tested the performance of the algorithm by having it score a new series of latent prints. They then submitted those scored prints to AFIS software connected to a database of over 250,000 rolled prints. All the latent prints had a match in that database, and they asked AFIS to find it.

This testing scenario was different from real casework, because in this test, the researchers knew the correct match for each latent print. If the scoring algorithm worked correctly, then the ability of AFIS to find that correct match should correlate with the quality score. In other words, prints scored as low-quality should be more likely to produce erroneous results-that's why it's so important to not inadvertently submit low- quality prints to AFIS in real casework-and prints scored as high-quality should be more likely to produce the correct match.

Based on this metric, the scoring algorithm performed slightly better than the average of the human examiners involved in the study.

What made this breakthrough possible, beside recent advances in machine learning and computer vision, was the availability of a large dataset of latent prints. Machine learning algorithms need large datasets for training and testing, and until now, large datasets of latent fingerprints have not been available to researchers, largely due to privacy concerns. In this case, the Michigan State Police provided the researchers with the testing dataset, after having first stripped the data of all identifying information.

The next step for the researchers is to use an even larger dataset. This will allow them to improve the algorithm's performance and more accurately measure its error rate.

"We've run our algorithm against a database of 250,000 prints, but we need to run it against millions," Tabassi said. "An algorithm like this has to be extremely reliable, because lives and liberty are at stake."

Paper: T. Chugh, K. Cao, J. Zhou, E. Tabassi and A. K. Jain. Latent Fingerprint Value Prediction: Crowd-based Learning. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. Published online 28 June 2017. DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2017.2721099

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Scientists Automate Key Step in Forensic Fingerprint Analysis

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The first big case involving fingerprint evidence in the United States was the murder trial of Thomas Jennings in Chicago in 1911. Jennings had broken into a home in the middle of the night and, when discovered by the homeowner, shot the man dead.

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What is a Fingerprint Card? Because many government organizations (i.e. Department of Immigration) require physical copies of your fingerprints, many IdentoGO Centers offer the ability to digitally collect an applicant’s fingerprint images and then print them onto a standard fingerprint card -Ayna Mahone

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Evidence Collection and Preservation - NCJRS

www.ncjrs.gov/nij/DNAbro/evi.html

www.ncjrs.gov/nij/DNAbro/evi.html
- Ayna Mahone

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 Locating a fingerprint often requires a vigilant and calculated search. - Ayna Mahone

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https://www.bing.com/search?q=Integrated+Automated+Fingerprint+Identification+System&filters=sid%3ad3aafd4c-5169-1dfb-986a-ea5d87fa64b2&form=ENTLNK
-Ayna Mahone

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Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System - Bing

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The case of Thomas Jennings in 1910 was the case, which resulted in the first American murder trial to admit fingerprint testimony.
-Ayna Mahone

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-Vikira Johnson

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Vikira Johnson

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vikira johnson

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vikira johnson

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2.5.1 Databases

Poor quality fingerprint images generally result either due to poor skin conditions or structured noise in the background. To study the effect of uncertainty estimation on fingerprint enhancement models, we evaluate the performance of the resulting models on three challenging fingerprint databases. Two rural Indian fingerprint databases are analyzed to examine the effect on poor quality fingerprints. On the other hand, performance on latent fingerprints is investigated to evaluate the performance on noisy backgrounds. Please note that the training of the all the fingerprint enhancement models studied in this chapter is executed on the same training database as performed in [26]. Details about the testing datasets are presented next.

1.

Rural Indian fingerprint database: This is a publicly available fingerprint database that has fingerprint samples acquired from the rural Indian population. The volunteers constitute farmers, carpenters, and housewives who are rigorously involved in manual work. This database has total of 1631 fingerprint samples.

2.

A private rural Indian fingerprint database that has challenging samples of elderly population and poor quality fingertips. This database has 1000 fingerprint images.

3.

IIITD-MOLF: This is the largest latent fingerprint database available in the public domain. This database has 4400 latent fingerprints and corresponding fingerprints obtained from optical sensors.

In Section 2.6.3, we analyze the generalization ability of the Bayesian deep learning for uncertainty estimation of fingerprint ROI segmentation methods. The experiments on fingerprint ROI segmentation are conducted on fingerprint verification competition (FVC) databases: FVC 2000, FVC 2002, and FVC 2004. Each of these databases constitutes of four subdatabases, out of which fingerprints in three databases (DB1-DB3) are collected from fingerprint sensors with varying sensing technologies. DB4 for each of these databases contains synthetic fingerprints obtained from Anguli [2], an open-source implementation of SFinGe [6]. Each subdatabase is divided into two parts: set A and set B. Set B is used for training the ROI segmentation model, whereas set A is used to evaluate the ROI segmentation performance. In total, 960 images are used for training, whereas 9600 images are used for testing. The ground truth constituting of manually marked segmentation masks of ROI is taken from [62].

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323983709000093

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597490054500201

Fingerprinting

Fingerprint rules in a DLP filter specify a sensitivity level to which documents have been pre-assigned and have had a checksum generated. Fingerprinting requires internal storage so the CLI commands are displayed only on models which have suitable storage.

On devices that have sufficient storage, either internal or via an additional hardware module, you may define the behavior of a system when the fingerprinting database becomes full. The CLI snippet below is from a FortiGate-111C with built-in internal hard-disk storage. The minimum size is 16 MB and the storage-device name shown is model dependent.

The document file checksums stored in the Fingerprint Database are only 32-bytes each and are based on small data chunks. There will be a few dozen to hundreds of checksums depending on the size of the file. Even the minimum Fingerprint Database size of 16 MB can hold the fingerprints of several thousand files.

Although called Document Fingerprinting, any file type can be fingerprinted by either manually uploading via the GUI (UTM Profiles > Data Leak Prevention > Document Fingerprint) or scanning a Windows Share folder on a server computer via password authenticated access.

The fingerprinted file is processed by the FortiGate to produce a series of checksums stored in the internal DLP Fingerprint Database along with an administratively set sensitivity level. There are three pre-defined sensitivity levels (Private, Critical, Warning) which are simply labels. Additional levels can be added. Later, when checking for a fingerprint match, the checksums for a specified sensitivity level are compared to the contents of the device's Fingerprint Database and must match exactly. Since fingerprinting uses a checksum calculated over the bytes of a data chunk, any modified bits will cause a different checksum value. This is true even if there is no visible change when viewing the file on an endpoint. In an "advanced-rule," it is possible to use a match percentage, allowing a relaxed matching. For example, document files which contain revision meta-data but with largely unchanged body text could have a match-percentage set below 100% to account for the meta-data changes while still providing an overall fingerprint match.

When creating the checksum library from a Windows Share folder, files are processed one at a time and with a low process priority. This avoids interfering with other latency-sensitive FortiGate functions. For a folder with many or large files, a fingerprint scan may take a significant amount of time, so it is wise to schedule this activity for a low network activity period.

Finally, individual file fingerprinting is available, but only through the GUI. Navigate to UTM Profiles > Data Leak Prevention > Document Fingerprinting, and in the Manual Document Fingerprints section you can manually upload a file to the FortiGate for fingerprinting. The file is buffered in the FortiGate system memory, fingerprint checksums calculated, and the file is deleted. If the file is an unencrypted archive, you may generate fingerprints for files internal to the archive as well as for the archive container file.

Read full chapter

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597497473000077

3 Children face databases

In this section, various databases for children of various modalities are discussed here. Mostly, all of the databases are of two or more sessions. But most of them are not available for study purposes due to security reasons.

3.1 Newborn face database

Newborn face database is the first longitudinal database collected by Bharadwaj et al. for newborn face identification [5,6]. It consists of 34 newborns with the age ranges from 0 to few weeks. Total images of newborns are 347. Now, this database is extended up to 450 newborns with total images of 1200. Each baby's 1-10 images are captured in it. It is IIIT Delhi's database. This database will be made available publicly soon.

3.2 Newborn, infants, and toddler's longitudinal face database (NITL)

Database collected by Best-Rowden et al. is of Indian children [3]. It is collected in four sessions. Time span between consecutive sessions is of 2-6 months. It consists of 314 subjects in the age range of 0-4 years. Altogether, 3144 images of children are in the database. This database is not publicly available.

3.3 Children multimodal biometric database (CMBD)

The database is of IIIT Delhi, collected by Basak et al. [8]. It comprises two-session databases. In the first session, they collected 2590 images of 141 subjects and in the second session 1410 images of 118 subjects. The age span of face image captured is 18 months to 4 years. As it is multimodal, it consists of face, fingerprint and iris images of children. Iris and fingerprint databases are publicly available. Face database is not publicly available due to security reasons.

3.4 Extended newborn face database

Siddiqui et al. collected this database from India [2]. It is a private database of 204 children. The age range of children is in between 0 and preschool. Total images taken are 1185. This database is an extension of Newborn Face Database.

Other databases such as CFA, CLF, UTKFace, and VADANA are private. Most of these are not focused on children face recognition study. CFA has an age range of 2 years to 20 years. CLF has an age range of 2-20 years, and VADANA has an age range of 0-18 years. UTKface has an age range of 0-32 years. Publicly available databases of face are ITWCC, ITWCC-D1, Adience, and FG-NET.
Face the same session 81 subject database is collected, age group 0-5 years.
\Face\same-session: Has 510 faces in .jpg format against 81 subjects (81 subjects * 6 (avg) face * 6, Total ≈ 486)
Face cross session 48 subject is collected, age group 0-5 years.
\Face\cross-session: Has 485 faces in. jpg format against 48 subjects (48 subjects * 10(avg) face * 10, Total ≈ 485)

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323852098000110

Abstract

The Wi-Fi fingerprinting is applied to the indoor positioning system (IPS) based on the radio map, which is the established received signal strength indication (RSSI) fingerprint database. However, since static radio maps built offline are vulnerable to environmental dynamics, interruptions occur in the online phase. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose an Automatic Self-Reconstruction (ASR) model that combines Radio Encoding-based Deep Fingerprint Positioning (RE-DFP) and Radio Anomaly Detecting (RAD), which enables seamless positioning of Wi-Fi fingerprinting. The proposed model consists of an encoder-decoder-based RE-DFP network to improve positioning accuracy and data efficiency and a RAD network to analyze environmental dynamics according to APs. In the proposed RE-DFP, a CNN-based encoder is applied to increase efficiency by minimizing the dependence of the radio map, and the position is estimated through an LSTM-based decoder. RAD identifies the AP, which is the cause of the change in the radio map and excludes it from the online phase, preventing a decrease in positioning accuracy. Simultaneously, the proposed model collects the RSSI of the identified AP through crowdsourcing and reconstructs the radio map by itself, enabling a seamless positioning service in the online phase.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417421017395

5.7 Impact from outdated signature map

In this subsection, we would like to find out the impact of an outdated radiomap on localization performance. From our experience, we found that if the test track is the same as one used for or to generate the radiomap, the performance tends to be better. However, this is unrealistic in practice. In other words, the localization performance will be overestimated if the same measurement is used for the radiomap and the test track. This is true even when one of the five temporal measurements is reserved solely for the test track and the other four measurements are used as the fingerprint database. In light of this, we would like to investigate such effect. In particular, we use the same measurements from the fingerprint database (Track 0) as the test track. The RMS localization error decreases for all radiomaps. Note that the localization error is 0 in the first row of Table 7 for traditional fingerprinting because when the test track is identical to the radiomap, the perfect location estimate minimizes (7). In the last row for Table 7, Track 0 is split into two parts: 56% and 44% of the database. 56% of the database was used as the radiomap whereas the remaining 44% was used for the test track. As can be seen from the table, even the radiomap and the track were taken on the same date around the same time, the localization error is greater than when the track is identical to the radiomap.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165168416301566

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Poor quality fingerprint images generally result either due to poor skin conditions or structured noise in the background. To study the effect of uncertainty estimation on fingerprint enhancement models, we evaluate the performance of the resulting models on three challenging fingerprint databases. Two rural Indian fingerprint databases are analyzed to examine the effect on poor quality fingerprints.

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Vikira johnson

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Fingerprints have been the reason for the solving of a vast amount of cases. The case of Thomas Jennings in 1910 was the case, which resulted in the first American murder trial to admit fingerprint testimony. Clarence Hiller lived with his wife and four children. On the morning of September 19, 1910, Mr. Hiller woke up to find that a gaslight near her daughter's bedroom was not burning. On the landing, he found a stranger and engaged in combat. Both men tumbled down the staircase. Seconds later, two shots were sound, as well as, Mr. Hiller's soft cry for help. At the door, Mrs. Hiller found her husband dead. Investigators found some particles of sand and gravel at the foot of the daughter's bed. Yet what convicted the killer, Thomas Jennings, were his fingerprints. Next to the rear kitchen window, through which the killer had entered the home of the Hillers, were railings. By chance, Mr. Hiller had painted these very railings just hours before his death. Into the paint four fingerprints of someone's left hand was etched. American law enforcement has already adopted the principle of fingerprinting. Therefore, the presence of these fingerprints was admissible in the court of law. At the trial, fingerprint expert William M. Evans of the PDBI agreed that Jennings hand, and his alone, had left the prints on the railings. The appeal court affirmed the verdict of the jury, guilty, and upheld Jenning's death sentence. He was later hanged.

Fingerprints were also the reasons behind the solving of another famous case: the case of the Stratton Brothers. Thomas Farrow, and his wife, Ann, managed a paint shop in South London. On March 27, 1905, Mr. Farrow had been found dead on the floor of his paint shop. Upstairs, where the couple kept a small room for themselves, his wife lay, covered in blood, and barely alive. Just a few days later, Ann died. The discovery of two masks at the scene of the crime suggested the presence of more than one intruder. They found a clear print on a tray that did not match either victim. With the description given by milkman Henry Jennings, two brothers known for burglary, Albert and Alfred Stratton were held custody. Both were taken to the Tower Bridge police station, where Detective Inspector Charles Collins, a founding member of Scotland Yard's Fingerprint Branch in 1901, rolled their fingers on the inkpad. The fingerprint on the tray matched Albert's right thumb to perfection. Thus, both brothers were charged with murder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Fingerprints have been the reason for the solving of a vast amount of cases. The case of Thomas Jennings in 1910 was the case, which resulted in the first American murder trial to admit fingerprint testimony. Clarence Hiller lived with his wife and four children.