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Protein synthesis is the production of proteins with the help of the three types of RNA. Proteins are used to determine the structure and function of the cells you are made up of. There are two steps in protein synthesis (transcription and translation) and three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA).

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The types of RNA each have their own purpose. mRNA (messenger RNA) is used during both transcription and translation to take instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome. tRNA (transfer RNA) is used to carry the amino acids to the mRNA to be joined together to make proteins. Finally, there is rRNA (ribosomal RNA) that makes up the structure of a ribosome and helps with translation.

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First, the instructions in the DNA molecule's nucleotide bases are used as a template to make a strand of RNA. This is very similar to DNA replication except there is only one strand of nucleotides and that uracil replaces thymine. The template DNA is then separated and has the complimentary nucleotides of RNA added to make a piece of mRNA.

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During translation, the information in the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids used to make proteins. It begins with the mRNA moving out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it then joins with a ribosome. The information is then translated from nucleotide codons to amino acids, where tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA and joins them. The ribosome's job is to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains that are combined to form proteins. rRNA makes up part of the ribosomes structure. The ribosome will continue to attach amino acids along the mRNA strain until it reaches a stop codon.

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A picture showing the bases and structure of DNA and RNA.

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This picture shows both steps of protein synthesis.

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A video explaining the steps of protein synthesis.

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An Amoeba Sisters video about the process of protein synthesis.