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Court Case: There must be a strict procedure when a lower court wishes to restrict speech.

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Any false, publicly spoken statement which harms the reputation of the subject.

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Seditious speech of spoken word and press, respectively.

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States cannot limit the rights of U.S. citizens w/o due process of law.
All must get the same protection of the law
Congress allowed to pass laws to support this amendment.

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Excessive bail is not allowed
Excessive fines are not allowed
Cruel and unusual punishment is not allowed

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Common law: law establish by previous court decisions
If sued for more than 20$, a jury is provided.

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Cannot intentionally spread lies about someone in hopes of harm done.

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Right to a fair and speedy trial.
Legal counsel must be provided for.

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Court Case: The restriction of rights to a minority group must be put through extreme scrutiny before it is allowed.

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Must be given the right of a jury. Cannot be subject to the same offense twice.
Cannot be forced to witness against oneself.

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Segregation by fact, not by law. Distribution of Caucasian and African Americans in an area.

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Warrants with probable cause are required for any searches or seizures.

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Right to bear arms

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Government cannot establish nor prohibit religion, and cannot abridge freedom of speech or press.

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Court Case: Decided a three-part test in which a law or practice made can be identified of violating the establishment clause or not.

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Relates to the First Amendment, cannot prohibit speech or other forms of expression before it happens

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Every person as the right to believe whatever they wish, but their practice of beliefs may be restricted.

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A test used by courts to decide the constitutionality of a law

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Court Case: Every accused person has a right to an attorney no matter their wealth. If they cannot afford an attorney, then it is up to the court to issue one for the accused.

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Court Case: Upheld state segregation laws under the idea of "separate but equal" for public facilities.

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Court Case: Concluded that slaves living in free states cannot be emancipated. African Americans would never be citizens, and the line decided by the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

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Court Case: Women have the right to privacy in deciding an abortion. Only in the third trimester, when there is danger of loss of life, can the state get involved in the process.

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Legislature cannot be made which segregates based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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State and Local laws in the south which enforced segregation.

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Used by post secondary schooling to bring more equal admission among historically excluded minorities, such as African Americans and women.

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Part of a process created by southern legislature, along with Poll taxes, to restrict southern African Americans from voting.

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Court Case: Any evidence found during an ILLEGAL search or seizure may NOT be used against the suspect in court.

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No states can create legislature which inhibits "equal protection under the law" promised by federal law.

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Detained criminals must be told of their right to an attorney and their right to NOT self-incriminate before any police questioning.

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Court Case: Schools cannot create laws for segregated schools.

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Court Case: Schools cannot compose and enforce a school prayer.

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Doctrine which parts of the Bill of Rights are selected to be applicable to both Federal and State government.

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The use of commonly known symbols to communicate a meaning.

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Racial quotas in college admissions are unconstitutional, but "affirmative action" is constitutional in certain situations.

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Rational Evidence required for search and seizure

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Legal segregation through enforcement of laws made for discrimination.

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Laws made to take away civil rights of a minority, or suspect, group must be put under strict scrutiny before declared constitutional and enacted upon.
Korematsu Vs. US and the relocation of Japanese Americans during WWII.

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Right of Pure Speech plus some sort of action, such as a demonstration or march.

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A person cannot twice be put in danger of life or limb for the same offense.

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All branches of both Federal and State Government must follow their own laws and follow through in proper procedure when depriving of life, liberty, or property.

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Government and government organizations cannot endorse or establish religion in any of their official activities.
E.G. Schools and Forced Prayer

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Evidence taken illegally in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used against you in court.
Decided in Mapp V. Ohio